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The Health Belief Model (HBM)

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This study was conducted within the frame work of the Health Belief Model (HBM) which indicates that the key health beliefs underlying the threat and behavioral evaluations provide a useful framework for understanding individual differences in health behavior and for designing interventions to change behavior. The Health Belief Model (HBM) is a popular theory applied to health education and health promotion (52). The underlying assumption of the original HBM is that health behavior is determined by personal beliefs or perceptions about a disease/disorder and the strategies available to decrease its occurrence (53). This Model of explaining human behavior attempts to explain the determinants and factors that influence an individual’s decisions …show more content…

While the perception of severity is often based on medical information or knowledge, it may also stem from an individual’s beliefs about the difficulties a disease would create or the effects it would have on his or her life (55). For example, a household may refuse to use iodized salt because they may think that non-consumption of iodized salt may not result in any serious health problem. Or an individual who do not recognize goiter and cretinism as serious medical problems will be less likely to use iodized salt.
Perceived Benefits
This construct is an individual’s belief that a certain action will reduce risk/seriousness of impact/consequences of IDDs. This reflects the person’s opinion of the value or usefulness of a new a behavior in decreasing the risk of developing iodine deficiency disorders. People tend to adopt healthier behaviors like increased IQ, being mentally active and increased productivity when they believe the new behavior will decrease their chances of developing IDDs. Perceived …show more content…

The findings of this study would be useful to go a long way in helping all stakeholders in this field to implement cost effective strategies towards achieving the national household iodized salt utilization target of 80% and goiter reduction in 50%. This research will also give clue on proper utilization of AIS so that women of selected households will more get informed as they are major at risk groups. The findings can be used as input to improve existing policies and programs targeting iodine deficiency eradication in Ethiopia. Knowing the level of adequately iodized salt which should be utilized and factors affecting the level will help people to improve and contribute in decrease their chances of developing a disease. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the level of adequately iodized salt utilization at households and associated factors and explored perception and experience related to utilization of iodized salt in Wolaita Sodo

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Frieden’s health impact pyramid (2010) illustrates how much an intervention tactic will impact a population. According to the pyramid, counseling and education, which are both at the tip of the pyramid, have the smallest impact on the population when trying to change a health behavior. The closer the intervention is to the base of the pyramid, the greater the impact is on the population. On the other hand, the closer the intervention is to the base of the pyramid, the lack of choice an individual has to participate in the intervention increases.  “Although the effectiveness of interventions tends to decrease at higher levels of the pyramid, those at the top often require the least political commitment.

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For the “Let’s Do This” program focused on reducing and controlling childhood obesity and adult onset of type II diabetes in Point Mar, an instructional strategy – lecture, quiz, games, and brain storming will be utilized. This is based on the Social Cognitive Theory applied to health behavior, which is an evidenced based approach (DiClemente, Salazar, & Crosby, 2013). The reason for utilizing this strategy is that this approach is based on behavioral adaptations that will improve health within the community. In addition, the five key constructs of the social cognitive theory are; knowledge, perceived self-efficacy, outcome expectations, goal formation, and socio-structural factors (DiClemente, Salazar, & Crosby, 2013). Another reason is that this strategy is a multi-level intervention approach that is aimed at the individual and his immediate social environment (DiClemente, Salazar, & Crosby, 2013), which plays a huge role in the incidence of Childhood Obesity in Vista County, which “Let’s Do This” is striving

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A considerable number of people believe that the diagnosis and treatment of health problems are beneficial to improving and maintaining overall health, but too much dismay, there are also potential harmful affects with this type of medical practice (Martin, 2017). The practice of overtreatment and overdiagnosis is a prominent issue within the healthcare system. One of the main reasons that healthcare providers and their patients feel the need to treat and diagnose each health problem, big or small is that society has a compulsion to cure. Healthcare providers conform to the idea of compulsion to cure because amongst other reasons, they fear litigation and disappointing patients if they choose against conducting tests in order to diagnose and

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It could also cause a person to dismiss a potentially deadly symptom of a disease.

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The public health model is more difficult to define than the other two models due to not everyone understands the concept of public health. The public health model is concerned with individuals’ who have problems but extends the concept of health care beyond just the normal medical treatment due to individuals problems may be linked to social issues as well (Woodside & McClam, 2015). The public health model looks at larger populations and not just individuals by actually collecting data and examining this data to determine the overall problem (Woodside & McClam, 2015). By collecting and examining this data the public health model is used to alleviate health problems that have consequences for society in general, like health insurance for

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This theory is founded on the premises that human behavior is a consequence of intellectual thinking. Reasoned Action Theory deals with the relationship among 1) Beliefs 2) Attitudes 3) Intentions 4) Behaviors. The main contribution of the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) is the proposition that attitude does not determine behavior directly; instead attitude is seen as one of two antecedent factors, attitudes and subjective norms, that determine intention, which in turn determines behavior (Ajzen and Madden, 1986). The utmost vital determinant of a person's behavior is behavior intent.

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When dealing with a specific method, there always has to be a clear theory that goes along with it. The Health Belief Model is the most used theory for health education and health promotion (Hayden, 2014). Hence is why we chose this theory to based off our program on. The concept focused mostly on the theory that health behavior is determined by personal beliefs or perceptions of a certain disease. Currently, there are seven constructs that are used in this model: Perceived Susceptibility, Perceived Severity, Perceived Benefits, Perceived Barriers, Cues to Action, Self Efficacy and Time Frame.

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In this respect, according to theory, disease representations are analyzed in terms of five basic dimensions: identity (perceived signs and symptoms, illness-related personal and familial experience); causality (beliefs about the cause / causes of the disease: genetic factors, stress, fate); timeline (beliefs about the evolution and the duration of the acute or chronic disease); consequences (psychosocial implications of the disease on the quality of personal and family life); and disease control (prevention, treatment). Different responses to the same disease or health risk are explained, in terms of theory, by different representations of the disease and by individuals’

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Predisposing factor: “any characteristics of a person or population that motivates behavior prior to the occurrence of the behavior”; enabling factor: “any characteristics of the environment that facilitates action and any skill or resource required to attain a specific behavior.” Reinforcing factor: “any reward or punishment following or anticipated as a consequence of a behavior, serving to strengthen the motivation for or against the behavior.” The Nine Phases of the PRECEDE-PROCEED Model Phase 5: Administrative assessment: “an analysis of the policies, resources, and circumstances prevailing in an organization to facilitate or hinder the development of the health promotion program.” Phase 6: Implementation: “the act of converting program objectives into actions through policy changes, regulation, and organization.”

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Only through a deeper understanding of the intricate factors shaping behavioural practices can health promotion programmes and or interventions successfully be introduced into the realities of the people’s lives to bring about changes in health behaviour. Behaviour change theories and models such as the Health Belief Model (HBM), Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA), Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB), and the Transtheoretical Model have been widely applied in public health in an attempt to explain or predict health seeking behaviours. Their use enables identification and understanding of people’s health-seeking behaviour beyond their knowledge, attitudes and practices. HBM is a health specific behavioural cognitive model The model is based on the idea that people are more likely to change their behaviour and adhere to treatments if: (i) they perceive that they are at risk of contracting the disease (perceived susceptibility), (ii) they perceive the disease might have an unfavourable outcome (perceived severity), (iii) they perceive the proposed health behaviour to be both effective and practical (perceived benefits), (iv)they perceive the barriers to adopting the behaviour to be minimal (perceived barriers),(v) they perceive themselves to have the ability of applying and practicing the specific behaviour proposed

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