Health Belief Model Research Paper

1.1 Introduction: For decades, the HBM has been one of the most widely used conceptual frameworks in health behavior. The HBM has been used both to explain change and maintenance of health -related behaviors and as guiding framework for health behavior intervention. The HBM has been expanded, broken down into component, compared to other framework, and analyzed using a wide array of multivariate analytic technique. More research has been conducted to specify measure of health believe model and relationship between these believe Bandura, 1977. The Health Belief Model HBM is a prime example of value-expectancy theory, which prior to 1984, was not regularly used in explaining screening behaviors. In more recent years, however, it has gained

At least part of its increased popularity may be attributable to an array of research competed by Champion, 1984 and her development of an instrument (and subsequent others) to measure HBM concepts in relation to breast cancer screening: breast self-examination Champion & Miller, 1992 and mammography Champion, 1999. Initially developed in the 1950s by social psychologists in the U.S. Public Health Service, HBM has since evolved gradually in response to practical programmatic concerns Becker, 1974; Janz & Becker, 1984;Kirscht, 19974; & Rosenstock 1974. The key concepts of HBM include perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, cues to action, and self efficacy added by Bandura in 1977.The HBM has been used in several studies as a theoretical framework to study BSE another breast cancer detection behaviors Barron, Houfek, & Foxall, 1997; Champion, 1984;1999; Hoeman & Ku, 1996. It has also been utilized to explore culturally relevant differences associated with screening behaviors Cohen & Azaiza, 2005. Because of its long record of use in several studies exploring health behaviors in general, and cancer screening behaviors, specifically, this model served as the ideal theoretical foundation on which the present study was based (Kendara, 2011). Breast cancer is one of leading causes of death among women in Sudan; also

General objectives: To apply the Health Belief Model Guides for health education intervention to promote breast self-examination among female students.
Material and methods
2.1. Study Design: This school based prospective interventional study (pre – post) was conducted with an objective to apply the Health Belief Model Guides for health education intervention to promote breast self- examination among female students – higher secondary school – Omdurman locality.
2.2. Study Population: The study populations include all female students in secondary school with a total of (3999) female students.
2.3. Study Area:
2.3.1. Location: This study was carried out in Khartoum State–Omdurman locality. The area of the study is bordered by River Nile in the East, Ombada locality in the West, Karary locality in the North, and the White Nile State in the South (Omdurman locality,