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Public Health Belief Model: A Case Study

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I chose to apply the Health Belief Model to my current Public Health issue of Opioids and Heroin: Drug treatment for individuals suffering from chronic pain and become addicted to prescription medication. I chose three health interventions to apply to my current Public Health issue. Opioid withdrawal may be difficult and is the primary reason for prescription drug abuse and relapse. The most effective treatment for narcotic addiction its methadone, a long-acting opioid. Methadone activates the same opioid receptors as other narcotics and eliminates withdrawal symptoms effectively. When the proper dosage of methadone is administered, opioid withdrawal symptoms are prevented, as well as the drug cravings, without the euphoria. The dose can
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Quinones states, “As the opiate epidemic mangled the middle class, these kids doped up and dropped out. Earlier generations of opiate addicts became self-employed construction workers or painters, because that was all they could manage with heroin, and often jail, in their lives” (274), which is a major problem America faces when trying to solve the opiate epidemic. If we educate the states about the addiction rates and potential danger of opiates, public opinion could shift, creating alternate solutions to solving the heroin epidemic in America. In order to lower the amount of opiate addicts the stigma that used to be associated with opiate use needs to return. The fear that used to surround opiate use was one of the only reasons opiates were not used as medication.

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Presenting Problem Christina sought treatment from the PATHway program to address her opioid use disorder. She reported misusing benzodiazepines and heroin since the age of 15. Since the onset of her drug use, she reported experimenting with a myriad of other drugs before settling on the use of benzodiazepines and heroin as her primary substances. She reported her method of use for heroin is intravenous and orally for the benzodiazepines.

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The opioid crisis in the United States has become the headline of every newspaper across the country. According to the Center for Disease Control, seven thousand people are admitted to emergency services for misusing prescription opioids (Understanding the Epidemic, 2015). Additionally, according to the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 435,000 people in the U.S. report being daily heroin users (Opioids, 2015). Methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) programs are long term recovery options used for people meeting criteria for opioid use disorder into treatment and living a recovery lifestyle. MMT programs are long term recovery options.

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Underlying Causes: The increase in the sale of opioids is considered to be the root of the opioid crisis, as the drugs have been proven to be highly addictive. An addiction to prescriptive opioids, however, can lead to an addiction to synthetic, illegal opioids, such as heroine or fentanyl, which are less expensive and easier to acquire. In fact, in their journal article, “Associations of nonmedical pain reliever use and initiation of heroin use in the United States” Pradip Muhuri and associates discovered that “the recent (12 months preceding interview) heroin incidence rate was 19 times higher among those who reported prior nonmedical prescription pain reliever (NMPR) use than among those who did not (0.39 vs. 0.02 percent)” (Muhuri et. al). In other words, abusing prescription opioids significantly raises the chances of abusing illicit drugs, such as heroin.

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Methadone exists as two enantiomeric forms, R and S (Eap et al., 2002). The most commonly used form of methadone in maintenance treatment is the racemic mixture (RS- methadone) (Groman et al., 1997). It is the R-isoform that gives most of the opioid effects (Eap et al., 2002). Methadone exerts its analgesic and narcotic effects through the µ-OR subtype, and has antagonistic effect at the NMDA receptor (Trescot et al., 2008). The antagonistic effect at the NMDA receptor is believed to be advantageous in preventing induction of tolerance (Callahan et al., 2004).

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Prescription drugs (opiates only) have caused over 165,000 deaths within the last 15 years and is currently on the rise. Over 2 million Americans in 2014 were addicted to Opiate prescription narcotics. The most troubling fact is listed directly on the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) website: “As many as 1 in 4

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744 Words | 3 Pages

In the public debate concerning the United States’ growing opioid overdose epidemic, a controversial issue has arisen over the effectiveness of anti-craving medications in treating opioid addiction. Many addiction treatment programs argue that medications such as Methadone and Buprenorphine are not only ineffective in treating opioid addiction, but that they should also be considered equally as addictive as opioids themselves. However, Maia Szalavitz, the author of the “Unbroken Brain: A Revolutionary New Way of Understanding Addiction” contends that using an anti-craving medication is necessary for treating opioid addiction because it benefits patients by reducing the risk of relapse or overdose. These medications also increase the probability that the patient will remain in treatment and is able to overcome their addiction (Szalavitz).

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Dependence on prescription opioids can stem from treatment of chronic pain and in recent years is the cause of the increased number of opioid overdoses. Opioids are very addictive substances, having serious life threatening consequences in case of intentional or accidental overdose. The euphoria attracts recreational use, and frequent,

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Past heroin users describe the horrors of heroin addiction withdrawal as being far less painful and difficult than methadone

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Assault within the home, seems to be increasingly prevalent among youth. Many influences may affect whether these cases are reported, and whether the victim feels it is appropriate to report them. Chapin and Coleman discuss a study particularly on adolescents that focuses on the term optimistic bias which is defined in the text as, “the belief bad things happen to other people.” (Chapin, Coleman, 2014, p. 757). The article uses many other studies to explain the alarming number of adolescents who have experienced assault in a physical manner in the home, and the mental processes before and after the events.

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1. The term theory is defined by the text book as: “a set of interrelated concepts, definitions, and propositions that presents a systematic view of events or situations by specifying relations among variables in order to explain and predict the events of the situations”. A theory is an idea that is intended to explain something based on general principles. It is important to use theories when practicing health promotion to come up with solutions to problems. Theories help health educators organize data, facts information, etc. and plan and evaluate programs.

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When people take these synthetic heroin pills, they do not feel as though it is a drug addiction as much as it is a way for them to deal with pain, over-stimulation, and as a tranquilizer. Today, we are currently facing an epidemic with drug addiction and continuously trying to solve the problem with a war on drugs. “The U.S. spends about $51 billion a year enforcing the war on drugs, and arrests nearly 1.5 million people for drug violations, according to Drug Policy Alliance, a drug policy reform group” (Ferner). Since the United States spends so much money on this epidemic, the numbers should start to go down, but it is instead doing the opposite. It is easy to figure out the numbers through doctors, “Increases in prescription drug misuse over the last

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In my opinion Social Cognitive Theory is ideal to health promotion and communication. Because the theory deals with cognitive, emotional aspects, behavioral understanding and also explains how people acquire and perform behavioral patterns. On the other hand the concepts of SCT provide not only ways for behavioral research in health education and promotion but also frame work for designing, implementing and evaluating health education and promotion programmes. Candidate Number: 118 The Health Belief Model The Health Belief Model (HBM) is one of the first and broadly used theory of health behavior. (Abraham and Sheeran, 2005).It comprises six components that determine behaviour i.e. perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers health motivation and cues to action (Christopher J. Armitage & Mark Conner 2000).

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Theoretical Framework This section focuses on the theory informing this study in particular the Health Belief Model (HBM). Health Belief Model Becker’s “Health Belief Model” will used to provide the theoretical underpinning for the study. The model is a framework for explaining people’s behaviour aligned to health, physical and mental well-being (Polit & Beck, 2012). The model suggests that a person’s health have to connect to behaviour based on two factors.

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Informative Speech Outline Introduction: Attention catcher: Addiction is an awful that not all people but most people will have to go though but the effect of addiction in third world countries are most times more severe. The over drug use are stabilizing in industrial countries. But for the third world countries the problem is only getting worse. Developing countries in eastern africa have rising numbers in heroin use, also increasing amounts of cocaine in west africa and south america. And the the increasing production and abuse of synthetic drugs in asia and the middle east.

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