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How Did Hooke Contribute To The Discovery Of Cell Theory

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Introduction Draft - Brandon King
Before the microscopes cells were thought to be pure gibberish, they weren’t considered a plausible theory for how things were created. It was thought right up until the invention of the microscope in 1590 that things just appeared or were put onto the earth by God. It wasn’t even a possibility for things to be made up of miniscule organisms that have their own little body. After the invention of the microscope the whole world was torn apart and so many people's different ways of thinking and their different types of beliefs were shattered. Although some people’s beliefs were shattered the invention of the microscopes allowed for so many more theories to be created such as the currently researched cell theory. …show more content…

He worked with the enhancing of plant cells and proving that they like humans were made of cells but he also proved the theory by establishing the presence of the cellular makeup. Instead of using a jail cell and a thin piece of cork he used the air bubbles in the thick pieces of bread. The holes represented the cells and the bread the rest of the body. The animal tissues were proven later as it was harder to prepare for than the plant cells and tissues. The difference between Hooke and Grew’s theories were that Hooke thought that animal’s were like plants and were made of fibres but Grew Proved this theory to later be wrong. He proved this by showing that animals were made of …show more content…

However later a man that went by the name of Henri Dutrochet made the connection between animal and plant cells and he showed the structural and physical similarities between the two types of cells which made it hard for the science community to refute his claims. He also was the man to come up with the idea that the cells is regenerated from another cell but his friend François Raspail stated that every cell is derived from another cell.

Later on a man named Barthelemy Dumortier brought to the table the theory of binary fission or cell division. He also observed a mid line on the old and the new cell. This to Dumortier provided him with a clear explanation of both the cells. This was the reason that he was against the idea of cells forming from another cell or from spontaneous noncellular

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This was something new to them and it hadn’t been seen before. The reason for being a discovery is that before the cells that had been cultured from other cells would only survive for a few days. However, with Henrietta’s cells they were able to isolate one specific cell, multiply it and start the HeLa cell line (Henrietta Lacks Biography (1920–1951)). They named them HeLa after her first two letters of her first name and the first two letters of her last name. These cells were the first human cells grown in a lab, and were used to conduct many experiments.

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The polio vaccine, the revolutionary steps regarding cancer research, and even obtaining the ability to put a man on the moon, were some of the greatest achievements of the 20th century. All these achievements were thanks to HeLa cells. Cancerous cells from Helen Lane. Or so that is all we knew of the origins of the cells before the early 70’s. The massive debate and controversy over Henrietta Lacks cells, their ownership, and their rights added more conflict and more worries to the mountain of distress and tensions during the Cold War.

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Henrietta Lacks Honor Essay “The reason Henrietta's cells were so precious was because they allowed scientists to perform experiments that would have been impossible with a living human. They cut HeLa cells apart and exposed them to endless toxins, radiation, and infection. They bombarded them with drugs, hoping to find one that would kill malignant cells without destroying normal ones.” (58)”Throughout the book “The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks” there are many examples of how the HeLa cell of Henrietta Lacks provided cellular information and examples that helped mold many cellular discoveries and experiments.

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As soon as Gey realized what he had discovered he ordered a large factory to be built to mass produce HeLa cells, its main purpose was to discover a cure for Polio (Skloot, Pg. 93), but not only did it provide aid in the medical world, but companies such as cosmetic corporations could test the effects of their makeup and other cosmetics on cell health (Skloot, Pg. 102). The possibilities of research with HeLa cell were endless, anything from the research on atomic radiations effect on cells and how to reverse the damage, to the discovery of cells being able to live on after the extraction of their nucleus, and even the vast amount of studies of chemotherapy drugs, hormones, vitamins, and environmental stress proved the importance of HeLa cells in modern research (Skloot, Pg. 102). For the first time ever, scientists were able to properly identify the correct number of chromosomes and map them out, this further lead to the ability of being able to diagnose diseases where individuals had an excess or lack of chromosomes such as Trisomy 21 or Klinefelter syndrome (Skloot, Pg. 100). The science world had finally found a way to overcome the expense and strenuous procedures to obtain cell subjects, scientist could test the effect of gravity, the pressure of deep sea diving by spinning the cells in a centrifuge (Skloot,

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Having the opportunity to discuss the impact of medical research performed on Henrietta Lacks’ cells with doctor George Guy would be an experience like no other. Through the use of Henrietta Lacks’s cells, George Guy created an industry that would fuel research throughout the scientific community. When Henrietta Lacks was admitted to the hospital for radiation treatments, doctors took samples of her cervical cancer cells. Henrietta was not informed that one of the two samples was sent to George Guy, a scientist researching the immortalization of human cells. Guy soon realized that these cells were able to grow outside of the human body, they even grew rapidly.

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During the twentieth century, the word had known many unprecedented inventions and discoveries that had radically shaped our way of life. The field of discovery that touched human’s life the most, was the medical field. One of the most important achievements in science that opened the doors to many other scientific discoveries was the seccefull culture of the first human cells in laboratory. Those cells were named HeLa. HeLa cells were taken from the cervical of a black woman in Charles Hopkins hospital in Baltimore, where she went to trait cancer.

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It was not until the scientists required DNA data from these cells that they sought out whose cells these belong to. After finding out that

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After George Gey and his team discovered that they were immortal, they were shipped all over the world to other scientists. (Skloot,41) This led to a standardized way of freezing and shipping cells. The cloning and cell culture was created with the help of HeLa cells. HeLa cells were easy to get so many scientists could use them.

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Before the surgeon treated her tumour, he took two samples, one of her tumour and another from her healthy cervical tissue. He then gave the tissues to Dr. George Gey, who was experimenting using patient's cells. He invented the roller tubes, which rotated the cells, allowing the culture medium to flow around making it seem more like the body’s constant motions. When the “HeLa” cancer cells were grown, Gey quickly realized that he had grown the first ever immortal cells. When he had told his colleagues about this, they asked if they could have some of these cells and Gey complied .

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Lacks’ cells were special, in that they would never die and always reproduce, creating medical miracles! Rebecca Skloot’s The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks provides many facts about her cells

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In the passage from John M. Barry’s The Great Influenza, Barry makes us of an extended metaphor of scientific research as an unexplored wilderness, a motif of uncertainty, a comprehensible diction and admiring tone, and bookended explanatory paragraphs to characterize scientific research as a courageous pursuit to bring order from chaos. Throughout the piece, Barry develops the metaphor in a fashion which closely parallels the steps of the scientific method, giving the reader a better understanding of the work of scientists. In an effort to promote scientific research to the general public, he focuses on its positive aspects and the character traits of scientists. In order to appeal to a wide audience, Barry uses an extended metaphor to compare the seemingly abstract and unreachable concept of scientific research to the mentally attainable image of pioneers settling a virgin wilderness.

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Following the introduction of these events, researchers around the world could work with the same cells, grown in the same media, using the same equipment. This eventually led the researchers to use the first-ever human cell clones. HeLa cells were also used by researchers to develop freezing techniques. This allowed for the cells to be safely stored and shipped to different laboratories around the world. Freezing also allowed the researchers to “pause” cells at various stages during an experiment and analyze them.

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‘She told me fascinating stuff. Did you know our mother cells gonna be used to make Stevie Wonder see?’ ‘Oh well actually, it’s not her cells being put into people’s eyes,’ I said stammering. ‘Scientist are using technology her cells helped to grow other people’s corneas’” (Skloot 162).

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As time went from the 16th century to the 18th century, the Renaissance thinking transformed to the Scientific Revolution. Soon, it would enable a worldview in which people were not invoking the principles of religion as often as the Renaissance. As an example, these natural philosophers, known as scientists today, developed a new thinking in which the world was no longer geocentric. The thought of an Earth-centered universe as the Bible would say, transformed as heliocentric or in other words Sun-centered. Within this period, Scientists were starting to understand the world’s functions, for they created experiment methods incorporating discipline, mathematics, and the essential Scientist communication.

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Furthermore, early in the novel, “His professor inspires him to push his experiments beyond the realm of “acceptable” science, so he begins to determine the limits of human mortality” (Telgen). He discovers those limits and then goes beyond them to create a creature from human body parts. “The astonishment

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