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Human Evolutionary Development

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Human evolution signifies to the evolutionary development running up to the manifestation of modern humans. Primates have been tracked back to about 65 million years ago. With time, Primates have changed as their eyes relocated nearer, collectively permitting stereoscopic vision. Anthropoids began to emerge. Among the development of Anthropoids, scientists found closer characteristics that resembled modern humans. One of the modifications is the arrangement of their teeth, brain, skull, and limbs. Anthropological development is depicted by a sum of significant morphological, physiological, developmental, and behavioral changes, which have taken place from the time when the difference amongst the former common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees. …show more content…

Human evolution has included the miscellaneous suite of classes and a buildup of change to suit the environment, incorporating bipedal walking, the function to make and depend on tools, brain expansion, fluctuations in growth, and the rise of multiplex mental and social behavior. The initial morphological alteration transpired the evolution of a bipedal locomotors adjustment since the arboreal locomotion, with everything its associated adaptations, such as a valgus knee, low intermembral index (long legs comparative towards the arms), and abridged upper-body durability. Towards the end of the homo genus, ancestral hominids grew a much bigger brain, over double the mass of that of a chimpanzee or gorilla. The arrangement of human brain development differs from that of other primates and accepts for prolonged stages of social knowledge and linguistic acquisition in juvenile hominids. Physical anthropologists debate that the dissimilarities between the configuration of human brains and those of other apes are more significant than their dissimilarities in …show more content…

Related with modern humans, Homo erectus had a full-bodied and slightly primitive-looking head, face, and teeth. The Neanderthals were an additional human genus besides the Homo sapiens. They were smaller than the sapiens. Neanderthals are biologically diverse from us but culturally alike. They both buried their deceased, and both relied on tools in their cultures. Neanderthals passed us Mousterian stone tool and spears. Homo sapiens improved the tools, some which were blades and stone-tipped spears. Unlike the Homo sapiens the Neanderthals did not abandon any pieces of artifacts or symbolic pictures behind. Findings assumed that Neanderthals were capable to speak in an untaught/untrained way but didn’t yet require the throat makeup of the Homo sapiens. "Modern humans" are described as the Homo sapiens genus, Homo Neanderthals, which turn out to be vanished about 30,000 years ago, has occasionally been categorized as a subspecies. A comparison between the Neanderthals and Homo sapiens would be painting and music. Caves that have been populated by Neanderthals presented that though there was no cave drawing throughout their period there was certain evidence presenting

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In the exhibit for The Humans Outside of Africa, there were different skull fossils that were studied and categorized as potentially male or female. However, it is also notable that there were fossils (D2700 and D2735) that were examined to be that of an adolescent. Therefore, this provides paleoanthropologists with a basis for studying the Dmanisi hominids on a generational basis, from adolescent to old

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On the other hand, they could have gained favourable traits, that can be backcrossed to parent species and passed down through evolutionary history. As modern humans moved out of Africa, they had to learn quickly how to adapt to their new environment, and hybridisation with the Neanderthals benefited this as they gained genes from the already adapted species. One of the benefitting genes we gained from the hybridisation is immune genes which have been found to be from the Neanderthals and Denisovans. The hybrid offspring were better at fighting off certain diseases and this useful trait was passed on. To conclude hybridisation played a role in shaping the evolutionary history of modern humans but only to an extent.

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Article Review #3 The article “Ardipithecus ramidus: A New Kind of Ancestor: Ardipithecus Unveiled” written by Anna Gibbons, talks about how scientist learn many things about human evolution through artifacts of ancestors, DNA and bones. All of this helps reveals different things about our past and how we came to be. This article briefly mentions Lucy and it mainly focuses on the discovery of ardipithecus ramidus.

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From this, we can see that our early ancestor mainly ate plants with a plenty of insects for food. In addition, the author mentioned that our hands have evolved for grasping things like flatter nails instead of claws as we do not have to climb up to tress to look for food or catch any insects. Human traits also have forward-facing eyes and larger brains than most of the

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We measured the skulls of the fossil hominins: Australopithecus, Homo habilis, Homo erectus, and Neanderthal. We measured the length, height, width and orbit height of their skulls to calculate the estimated brain size and estimated body mass. Hypothesis 1. For Life History, humans will reproduce earlier than the primates and apes because of their body mass.

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Neanderthals survived in Portugal long after modern humans entered Europe. Neanderthals made fireplaces and tools like hand axes and scrapers but as time went on their technology barely changed. Modern humans created different stone tools for different functions and they even made tools out of bone and ivory. Their tools were key to their success. Modern human made finely crafted ornaments and were the first species to do it.

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Although Neanderthals and modern humans are similar, there are still physical differences due to evolution and the environmental needs of each species. First, there is no chin present in Neanderthals, while there is one in modern humans. Second, the ridge above the eye brows is more pronounced in Neanderthals. Next, the nose is larger in Neanderthals. Finally, Neanderthals were shorter and more heavily built than modern humans, having broader ribcages, hips, and shorter

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The other key development is hominin brain encephalization. As our extreme encephalization occurs after the onset of bipedalism we can assume that bipedalism was a prerequisite. The increased meat diet of the bipedal H. erectus coincides with increased encephalization. There are a number of theories as to why encephalization occurred. For example, using hands for toolmaking and other complex activities in turn selects for increased encephalization.

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These new environments made possible the evolution of nonhuman primates, and influenced the evolutionary path of primates. Three common theories of early primate evolution are the Arboreal Hypothesis, the Visual Predation

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The physical nature of a primate body as wells as its movement is a unique factor in the animal kingdom. There has been continuous change through locomotion and body configuration throughout each grades of primate evolution. In this essay I will be discussing the modifications in time as well as theories in each grade of primate. This research paper will try to elaborate on the evolutionary modifications and some of the theories that have been proposed for these changes throughout our and other primate evolution. With time primates development was due to environmental changes.

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Critical thinking questions: physical anthropology textbook 1. Given that you’ve only just been introduced to the field of physical anthropology, why do you think subjects such as skeletal anatomy, genetics, nonhuman primate behavior, and human evolution are integrated into a discussion of what it means to be human? The study of physical anthropology integrates the subjects of skeletal anatomy, genetics, nonhuman primate behavior, and human evolution because anthropologists look to the fossilized remains of hominins to see what their environments were like and what they ate. In addition to these sub fields, anthropologists look to skeletal anatomy to see any evolutionary change or if the hominin had died from any diseases and how old and tall

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Deborah Swarthout Modern Man and Neanderthals WCCCD-Fall 2017 Modern Man and Neanderthals: Where did they go? It has long been thought that modern man evolved from the Neanderthals. Although we have many similarities, the most recent studies suggest that modern man actually co-existed alongside the Neanderthals and interbred with them to create the modern man we know today. Neanderthals or Neandertals (Homo Neanderthalensis) are considered to be our closest extinct human relatives.

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What about the climate? Our climate is much different than it was 45 kya. Neanderthals would not adapt well in our warm environments. They were built for cold, harsh environments. Much like Chicago!

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The most characteristic physical features of a hominin is considered to be bipedalism and an upright posture. Humans, also referred to as hominins, differ from other hominids when comparing these features. It is the features that make us unique to other hominids. Bipedalism has gained hominins many advantages over quadrupedal hominids. The change of the skull in hominins is due to bipedalism and an upright posture which has made therefore helped hominins advance further than quadrupedal hominids.

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