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Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Case Study

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Common disease specific presentation
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common identified cause of SCD.16 It is also the most common inherited cardiomyopathy and has prevalence of 0.2% (1 in 500) in the general population.19 It is generally inherited in an autosomal dominant manner, with variable penetrance of the phenotype. Left ventricular hypertrophy can also be acquired, such as that seen in longstanding hypertension, however whether there is an increased risk for SCD is not well understood. Thus, the presentation of children with HCM can range from asymptomatic detected by routine screening to SCD to exertional symptoms such as fatigue, shortness of breath or chest pain.20 HCM can occur at any age but is rare in young children less than 10 years of age; when presenting …show more content…

Electrocardiograms are abnormal in 75-90% of patients with HCM with abnormalities such as ST changes with T wave inversions, and prominent Q waves especially in the inferior and mid-precordial leads. 22, 23 Non-invasive imaging is important for diagnosis, including echocardiogram and MRI.20

Coronary artery anomalies
The second most common cause of SCD are coronary abnormalities with ectopic origins from aorta (also known as anomalous origin of a coronary artery (AOCA) from the opposite sinus of Valsalva) and the pulmonary trunk (also known as anomalous origin of a coronary artery (ALCAPA) from the pulmonary artery) most commonly.24 In cases of AOCA that cause SCD, the left or right coronary exits from

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Pathophysiology When Pulmonary Stenosis is present, resistant to blood flow cause right ventricular hypertrophy – right atrial pressure will increase – reopening of the foramen ovale, shunting of unoxygenated blood into the left atrium, systemic circulation. Clinical manifestation: Cyanosis, characteristic murmur , cardiomegaly . Treatment: Baloon angioplasty (neonate).

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Pulmonary: Chest wall symmetric, respirations even and unlabored. Lungs CTA. Cardiac: Sinus tachycardia, NL S1, S2. No murmurs or rubs.

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Thank you very much for referring Glenys along for further investigation of the abnormalities detected on the CT scan of her chest which was done for investigation of night sweats. As you have mentioned, she has seronegative rheumatoid arthritis for which she is normally on prednisolone, methotrexate and Arava, but the methotrexate and Arava have been stopped recently due to an elevated liver function test. The CT scan of her chest, abdomen and pelvis did not reveal any cause for her night sweats but did reveal the presence of mild, mid and upper lung paraseptal emphysema with some non-specific scarring in the basal segment of the right lower lobe basal lingula and anterior basal left lower lobe. There were multiple scattered small irregular cysts elsewhere throughout the lung. Alongside this, there were also two small pulmonary nodules in the right middle lobe and right lower lobe which were 3mm.

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The American Society of Echocardiography (ASE) established

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Normally blood entering the right side of the heart stays on the right side (this is low-oxygen blood), and blood on the left side of the heart stays on the left side (this is oxygen-rich blood) which is then pumped to the rest of the body. But in this particular condition when a defect or "hole" is present between the ventricles (or lower chambers), blood from the left side of the heart is forced through the defect to the right side every time the heart beats. It then goes back to the lungs even though it is already rich in oxygen. Because of this, blood that is not yet oxygen-rich can 't get to the lungs. The most common signs and symptoms are trouble eating and gaining weight, breathlessness and easy fatigability in

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Cardiomyopathy can occur from the lack of dystrophin on the heart muscles. Cardiomyopathy makes it difficult for the patient to breathe. The heart becomes weak and swollen. It is not able to pump enough blood throughout the body, which will cause life-threatening results.

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Case Study 2: CHF Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a disease process in which the cardiac function as a pump cannot meet the body requirements resulting in fluid buildup in tissues such as arms, abdomen, limbs, and lungs. Symptoms can include fatigue, edema, dyspnea, and reduced tolerance to activities. Causes of CHF are cardiomyopathy, hypertension, and atherosclerosis, etc. Cardiomyopathy is an illness that affects the myocardium (heart muscles) and includes three types: dilated, hypertrophic, and restrictive cardiomyopathy. Managing a patient with this condition requires a proper treatment plan, techniques for education, and an all-inclusive teaching strategy.

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Because of this inability to contract effectively, the rest of the vital organs receive inadequate amount of blood resulting to inadequate tissue perfusion. There are two types of left-sided HF; systolic and diastolic failure. Systolic failure happens when the left ventricle doesn’t have the enough energy to pump normally the blood to the general circulation. As for diastolic failure, the left ventricle loses the ability to fill itself with blood during resting period resulting to inadequate amount of blood to be pumped out to the circulation (Weinrauch, 2008). The diastolic dysfunction will eventually lead to right-sided heart failure.

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