As mentioned in Napoleons’ Button (Couteur and Burreson, 2003), ever since the discovery of penicillin, wound infection declines, saving plenty of lives, especially during the World War 2. The rapid advancement of drugs has indeed come a long way and even revolutionized the world. Drugs such as paracetemol helps to subside one’s fever and provide pain relief. On the other hand, drugs that are widely used illegally such as cocaine would be detrimental to one’s personal health when consumed. In any case, the mere existence of drugs is good in nature.
Introduction Written and published in 2008 by Paul Gootenberg, History professor and Latin American studies at University of New York at Stony Brook, “Andean Cocaine: The Making of a Global drug” retraces the pivotal stages of the illicit cocaine trafficking, starting from the boundless coca fields in Latin America to the chemistry laboratories in Europe up until the streets of U.S. cities. The aim of this book review is to provide the reader with a short but detailed insight of what is the main content of the book, by paying particular attention to its structure, objectivity and style. Scope & Organisation Adopting a meticulous chronological approach, Gootenberg describes the infamous and complex untold history of cocaine, analysing and
In the 1980’s the introduction of Crack Cocaine which was much more addictive to the users and more profitable for the drug dealers than Powder Cocaine. The prompted the administration to create Reagans War on Drugs which was supposed to make a major difference in the use of illegal drugs. By giving a much stiffer penalty to drug dealers for possession an even a moderate amount of illegal drugs. The fear of jail time was going be a deterrent to reduce the sale and illegal drug use. A minimum five year jail sentence would be handed out to someone caught with 500 grams of powder cocaine or with five grams of crack cocaine.
Thus, this book also traces the origins of prohibitionist drug laws in Mexico and later the origins of Mexico’s war on drugs.
If there was an open market for drugs and Americans’ were educated on the effects drugs can have on their bodies, the monopoly for drugs would rapidly decrease. Drugs are outlawed in America yet prohibition has never been successful in America. Anytime the government has tried to stop the distribution of a substance people have always jumped at the chance to make
Regan’s tactic for the War on Drugs was directed towards the two most popular drugs of the 1980s, cocaine and crack. Crack is cocaine combined with chemicals to create a smokable and more producible drug. Criminalizing crack and cocaine lead to the incarceration of one in every three Black men while imposing minimum sentences, creating longer sentences, and reclassifying various drugs from misdemeanor to felony crimes. Crack use become enough of a serious concern to the public that in 1986 one-third of calls to a drug hotline were about the drug.
The way America measures items causes America to stand out to other nations and be different from others. In the article by John Marciano, it states, “... they wanted to be their own, be different, the US did not want to be a follower like the rest of the world - instead be
Much of the drug’s distribution center is in New York, specifically Harlem. In 1964, The Federal Bureau of Narcotics reported, “an estimated 48,525 “active addicts” resided in the country, half of whom were believed to live in New York City.” The apprehension for heroin abuse grew and within
Many critics believe that because of the way drugs are looked down upon society, they become ever more enticing to buy them even through illegal and dangerous means. For instance, President Richard Nixon said in 1971 that “America’s public enemy number one in the United States [was] drug abuse,” and because of this, “it [was] necessary to wage a new, all-out offensive” (Sharp, 1994). Another drugfree advocate, William Bennett, who served in office as the Secretary of Education under President Ronald Reagan, blamed the drug problem squarely on the loose and unethical morals of corrupt people. Another reason that Nixon’s War of Drugs was ineffective was in that the federal government could only prosecute national crimes, handing over the responsibility to the local law enforcement to keep the streets safe, meaning it would have to cross state lines to be under federal judication. Operation Intercept’s main contribution to the drug trade has been the restructuring of how drugs were exported.
This meant that the people consuming tobacco could increase as a result of its reduced price (Shukla, Crump & Chrisco, 2012). It also meant that the amount of cigarettes exported from the United States would significantly increase. In the year 1884, the United States medical community introduced the cocaine and argued that it was important in treating some of the diseases. The ailments the drug was used to cure included, but were not limited to, cold fever, hay-fever and
Chapter two introduces the policy problems related to the War on Drugs, as well as other policies that banned or limited other use of alcohol and drugs. Authors start with the history of the regulations of mood altering substances that began in colonial times, and then it escalated with “The Father of Modern Drug Enforcement”, Dr. Hamilton Wright. President Roosevelt assigned him to be the first Opium Drug Commissioner of the United States. Dr. Wright saw drugs as a big problem, according to the text the drug prohibitions started with his opinions on limiting drug use. In 1906 the Pure Food and Drug Act was signed and required the labeling of the ingredients of the products.
The use of narcotics like cocaine, claimed many lives and earned widespread coverage by media and news. Following this Nancy Reagan began the “War on Drugs”, a campaign to combat pre-existing drug usage and prevent future
It was even served at the 1876 American Centennial Exposition, the first major multiple-building World’s Fair. Since then, drugs have produced problems. Drug trafficking is defined as a global illicit trade involving the cultivation, manufacture, distribution, and sale of substances which are subject to drug prohibition laws. The United States produces a relatively large amount of illegal
The differences between Europe and America was emphasized. But in order to understand whether America is exceptional or not it must be compared to other countries. “The history of the United States cannot be exceptional unless contrasted with other histories that conform with fixed patterns of historical development”(Tyrrell 15). This means that America can be compared with other countries unless those countries have fixed patterns of historical development. America must be compared and contrasted with other histories which have similar and fixed patterns.
The disease model of addition is the foundation of Narcotics Anonymous. The disease model posits that the addict has an incurable disease much like diabetes or an allergy; thus, exposure to a substance is viewed as the primary cause of psychological addiction (Narcotics Anonymous, 1983; Jenkins, 2016). N.A. is identified with the spiritual model of treatment (Jenkins & Finner-Williams, 2016). The spiritual model of therapy views addiction as a disease to which persons are defenseless without a “higher-power.” In this view, treatment focuses on the resignation of self, and instead, instruction from a higher power and a spiritual awakening toward recovery (Jenkins & Finner-Williams, 2016).
