Immanuel Kant’s Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals, states philosophy may be divided into three fields: physics, ethics, and logic. These fields may include either "empirical" study of our experiences, or "pure" analysis of concepts. "Metaphysics" is the study of pure concepts as they relate to moral or physical experience.
People generally presume that moral principles must apply to every single objective being at all places and all times. Moral standards should consequently be founded on ideas of reason, rather than particularities of culture or identity. The objective of Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals is to build up a clearer comprehension of good standards, with the goal that individuals may better deflect diversions.
A few general standards about moral duties may be advanced. First, activities are moral if and only if they are attempted for profound quality alone with no ulterior motive. Second, the moral quality of an action is judged not by the activity's outcomes, but rather the motives behind it. Third, activities are moral if and just on the off chance that they are attempted keeping in mind the moral law rather than some other inspiration, for example, a need or longing.
Since specific interests, conditions, and consequences can't be viewed as, the moral "law", there must be a
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Rational beings have the capacity to pursue predetermined objectives ("ends") by means of their will, yet in seeking after their objectives they never consider themselves as mere means to another purpose; they are themselves the motivation behind their actions - they are "ends” in themselves. If we treat other rational beings as mere means, we contradict the fact that all rational beings are ends in themselves. In this case, our principles could not be universal laws, and we would violate the categorical