1) Williams and Sternthal discuss “residential racial segregation as a fundamental cause of institutional racism and racial disparities in health” to underscore that separating people into neighborhoods based on racial makeup have influences on health. African Americans, American Indians, and Latinos mostly live in isolated residential environments different than those of white communities. Low socioeconomic status of segregated communities strengthens the correlation to poor-quality housing, exposure to environmental toxins, and decreased mobility. Studies show that SES is highly linked with education. Since low-income individuals only have access to subordinate education due to school zoning, this restriction will prevent young ones from obtaining high-paying jobs since employers recruit people who have a college degree, which many blacks, Latinos, and American Indians historically have not been affordable nor obtainable. As a result of financial struggles, people consume more fast and junk food and avoid more expensive healthy-eating options. The neighborhood limits access to nutritious food and exercise and avoidance of harmful substances, predisposing people to health disparities and shorter life expectancy that start at a young …show more content…
Institutional racism is discrimination by entities through unethical treatment of individuals based on race and ethnicity. Institutional racism refers to upstream factors that affect an individual’s health conditions, such as policies favoring the more privileged. On the other hand, individual racism is judgement, attitudes, and actions of individuals towards other people of another race. Institutional racism may not be intentional, but individual racism is deliberate by targeting harmful words and thoughts towards specific marginalized