Enclosed phone booths are generally in public spaces and often have doors that close to ensure privacy while phone stations do not have an enclosures and conversations can be overheard. When Katz closed the door to initiate his phone call, he believed he was conducting his call in private because he understood that no one could hear him unless an ear was smashed up to the booth. By attaching a box that housed a recording device outside of the booth was an invasion of privacy even though there was no physical intrusion. Devices such as global positioning systems that catch geographic coordinates as in United States v. Jones, 132 S. Ct. 945, 565 U.S. ___ (2012) and captured electronic data extracted from a cell phone in Riley v. California, 573