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Theories Of Double Contingency

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achieves the set goals, the system is maintained. Yet conforming to Luhmann 's theorem on double contingency, whether the system is established depends priorly on the reactions of the participants, and the "self-interest" after ward. Rather than caring about oneself 's welfare, Luhmann shows his positive attitude toward this matter, that one should consider the colleague 's response and act correspondingly during their communication. The next question arises around the solution for the problem of double contingency. As mentioned above, when the social system emerges, the communication and double contingency continues and reproduces, and the mechanism allows it is called "self-referential". Luhmann defined this term via an example "A is determined …show more content…

Luhmann described the communication between ego and alter with the presence of alter ego, the intermediate character "If an ego experiences an alter as alter ego and acts in …show more content…

Firstly, as detailed above, the notion of double contingency according to the two scholars are unalike. Secondly, concerning the problem of double contingency 's solution, Parsons said it is the norms and values of a "shared symbolic system", in contrast, it is communication as Luhmann 's point of view. In detail, as stated by Parsons, when it comes to double contingency, regardless whatever the ego and alter may act, they are restricted within set common rules which on the one hand limit the alternatives that ego choose from psychically and morally, one the other hand allow the social systems to reproduce and catalyse without too much effort of the participants. However, Luhmann conceived that only communication can be the comprehensive solution to the problem. Instead of being controlled by social factors, the participants themselves proactively reciprocally en masse "whiteness" the "black boxes" and reduce the contingency, "etsi no daretur Deus" [even if God doesn 't exist]. 2. Double contingency in real life 2.1. Prisoner 's dilemma The prisoner 's dilemma is a theory of game about two individuals who lack information of the other but share the same situation and basic history. It was introduced by Merrill Flood and Melvin Dresher in 1950 and developed by Albert W. Tucker in 1992. The

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To prove his thesis, Thomas cites game analogies Ike uses dealing with major issues. Project Solarium, a policy to counter emerging Soviet nuclear capability is called a high stakes game of chicken played boldly (p. 107). Ike has diplomats bluff by hinting the U.S. is willing to use nuclear weapons if the Chinese do not agree to end the Korean conflict (p. 75). In response to Khrushchev’s Berlin ultimatum, Eisenhower says we should not start with smaller poker chips, working up to large ones, rather we let them know that our whole stack is in play (p. 320). During the same crises the President remarks about whether the U.S. has the nerve to push all the chips in the pot (p. 325).

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In the world of George Orwell’s dystopian novel 1984, the totalitarian regime of one of the three superstates, Oceania, was known as “The Party” . In order for “The Party” to constantly maintain complete control of the minds of the party members, they instituted principles such as “doublethink” (as described in this quotation). The principle of “doublethink” is instilled in the minds of party members since birth. In essence “doublethink” allows for two opposing thoughts to reside in one’s mind while both are taken as the absolute truth. By instituting this principle “The Party” is able to control the minds of the masses simply by stating a fact because party members are taught that every word spoken by “The Party” is truth.

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To begin with, “doublethink” is an important concept in this book. “Doublethink” is a word in Newspeak, which is a language invented by the government to limit people’s freedom and thoughts, that refers to the “ability of holding and accepting two contradictory beliefs in one’s mind simultaneously” . People are forced to believe the contradictions of the government, such as “War is Peace”, “Freedom is Slavery” and “Ignorance is Strength”. For instance, Winston believes that “2+2=5” after the torture in the Ministry of Love. “Doublethink” severely affects people’s critical thinking, and eventually caused them to lose their own minds and individuality.

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Doublethink is an imortant tool used by the party and is one of the basis and impenetrable power the party has over the people. Without doublethink, the party`s errors and mistakes whould easily be visible and therefore the people of Oceania would lose their respect for the party likewise Big Brother and would

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Books have been around us our whole lives, but do they hurt or help us? Take all books off the shelves. They're too dangerous to be a snob." by Alexandra Petri, is an opinion piece exploring banning books and how books affect society. In this article, Petri uses language to convey a sarcastic tone and contrasting opinions about the harm books can cause people.

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Double consciousness, the way in which people, specifically African Americans maintain two behavioral scripts, one for how they would typically move across the world, another that takes racially prejudice onlookers into consideration (You May Ask Yourself). Although first coined in the early 20th century by W.E.B DuBois in a time that racism was more prevalent, the term may still be applicable to the United States currently. The Doll Study provides evidence for this topic. As it allows insight as to how the easily impressable minds of children are affected by their parents and surrounding and reflecting on show the children see themselves.

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I think double think occurs when someone has a lot of power over people. Like teachers to students. If the teacher says that there is a test Tuesday even though the day before she said it is on Wednesday most people are going to believe the teacher either way. People end up trusting the person in power

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For this task I am going to discuss theories of communication which will be formatted in a booklet. I will also explain Argyle’s communication cycle and Tuckman’s group interaction. Argyles communication cycle When communicating with one another people must come to terms by trying to have an understanding of what the other person is trying to say. Communication is a circular process in which each person must have an understanding of one another’s viewpoint, they must also make sure that they are being understood.

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Riesman argued that a society ruled by other-directed person lay emphasis on controlling /calculative dexterity over craftsmanship and expense accounts over bank accounts. Business is meant to be fun and mangers are meant to be humorous with secretaries and allure their bosses and clients. According to Riesman, the other-directed person has a tendency to belong to the company and have superficial ties in other institutions such as family, church and the community. Furthermore, the other-directed person views interpersonal efforts and tolerances as tenets that furnish a relationship.

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In Lacan terms it is a constituted ego formed by the recognition of what one is seen and spoken as by others (84). This is divided into two phases. The first phase, The Mirror Stage, occurs in

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