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Lyme Disease Epidemiology

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Lyme Disease Causal Agent and Epidemiology Lyme disease is a rapidly growing vector-borne disease that spans North America (Edlow, 2012). This disease has an established and well-researched causal agent and epidemiology. Both of these aspects will be discussed in detail below. This disease has a huge impact on the population of North America, with reports of 20,000 diagnosed patients in 2011 (Elbaum-Garfinkle, 2011) and an estimated 300,000 people affected annually by 2013 (Berger et al., 2013). This disease has been recognized since 1975, and has continued to grow in incidence and impact since its initial discovery. Yale scientists Dr. Allan C. Steere and Dr. Stephen E. Malawista are credited as being the first to recognize, name, characterize, …show more content…

Stanek and Reiter (2011) studied a number of alternate strains of Borrelia bacterium discovered between 1982 and 1992, including Borrelia afzelii, B. burgdorferi sensu stricto, and Borrelia garinii. From 1992 to 2010, another 15 genospecies of spirochaetes were identified in North America, Europe, and Asia. Of the 18 identified genomic species, only three (Borrelia afzelii, Borrelia burgdorferi, and Borrelia garinii) have been identified as pathogenic causal agents of Lyme disease. The infections occurs when a deer tick in the nymph phase feeds on a human and transmits the bacterium into that human’s blood stream. The CDC reported that Lyme disease was primarily diagnosed in 14 states in 2014: Connecticut, Delaware, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, Virginia, and Wisconsin (CDC, 2016). This disease is concentrated primarily in the northeast and upper Midwest regions of the United States (CDC, 2016). There are a few reported cases of Lyme disease outside of this region annually, but not a significant number. The majority of cases of reported and confirmed Lyme disease remain in the northeast and upper Midwest …show more content…

The CDC report from 2003-2005 indicated a total of 64,382 cases of Lyme disease from 46 states, with 93% of cases reported in Connecticut, Delaware, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Wisconsin. The median age of patients in reported cases was 41 years, with ages ranging from 0 to 90 years. Men and women were equally represented in reported cases. The CDC identified participation in outdoor activities as a risk factor for infection, and provides educational materials for members of the public to download that provides procedures to reduce the risk of

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The Bubonic Plague The Bubonic Plague was a disease that was spread through fleas found on rodents. It took place during the late middle ages (1340 - 1400) in mainly Europe and Asia and killed approximately 25 million people. The Bubonic plague was a turning point in history because it caused an advancement in medicine and hygiene, destabilized the Roman Catholic church and caused one of the greatest recessions in history. However, there were a few things that stayed the same, such as the manor system, agriculture, and aspects of medicine.

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In the 1900’s hunting threatened to eliminate white-tailed deer from much of Maryland. Prohibited state wide. In present day Maryland hunters harvest 86,883 deer and there was a 9 % decrease of deer since last year. Some of the problems created by an overpopulation of deer are, deer damaging yards and gardens and also farms as well. They also carry diseases and increase rapidly in areas such

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State Issues Maryland is said to have some of the strictest firearm laws in the country, on the issues of carrying, buying and the possession of firearms. Earlier this year many mass shootings occurred all over in Maryland, overall leaving nine dead and forty-four injured. Just in Baltimore shootings, five were wounded. These are a few of eleven mass shootings in Maryland so far in 2015. This year nine were killed and forty-four people in total were left with injuries and this is just in the state of Maryland.

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You can detect the disease by western blot testing which helps to differentiate the immune response elicited by infection from that induced by vaccination. " Since 1995, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has recommended that serological testing for Lyme disease consist of a two-tiered approach an initial screening with an enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) or an indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) test, followed by a Western blot to corroborate a positive or suspect test result(CDC)". Whole cell antigens of the Borreliaburgdorferispirochete are assumed to be rapidlysequestered by the follicular dendritic cells, resulting in long-lived B cell memory. Dogs tested for whole-cell antibodies rarely have a significant decrease in antibody, even as successful treatment lowers the Borreliaburgdorferi

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The bacteria stated prior, Borrelia Burgdorferi, is the cause of the disease and the stem of the problem. The bacteria cannot survive alone for longer than a few hours so it finds a “host” to survive inside of (MD). The most common hosts are ticks, mice, and other small mammals (MD). The bacteria has a reproduction cycle of 28-30 days, almost identical to the moon cycle (TOL). The bacteria has been known to align itself with the moon cycle, causing its victims to have noticeably worsening symptoms during full moons cycle.

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One of the most common diseases transmitted by ticks is Lyme disease. The disease is found all over the United States and in over 60 countries all over the world. The deer tick as well as the black legged ticks are mostly found in grassy and wooded areas. Borrelia burgdorferi, a corkscrew-shaped bacterium, is the cause of Lyme disease, and can affect any organ in the body; the brain, the muscles, the heart, the joints, and even the nervous system. Since Lyme disease can resemble many other diseases such as; multiple sclerosis, chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia, as well as psychiatric illnesses, it is often misdiagnosed.

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Background Cloning is the process by which an identical replica of any living organism can be created. Clones are organisms that have identical genes as the original organism. That indicates that each organism 's DNA, when cloned, is identically remade. Since cloning has first been discovered, many animals and crops have been cloned.

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