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Rinderpest Research Papers

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Eradicating disease is a public health ideal that has been passed on for years and still stands today with some success stories behind it for humans and animals alike. Disease eradication is defined as the point where the permanent prevalence of infection of a disease is zero worldwide and intervention steps are not needed resulting from intentional work.There are many things to consider when identifying a disease for eradication. Dowdle states that “if the right tools were available, all infectious diseases would be eradicable” but unfortunately this is not the reality (23).

There are three basic topics of criteria that have to be met for a infectious disease to be eligible to be considered for eradication efforts: biological, economic, and …show more content…

Symptoms of rinderpest infection were dehydration, diarrhea, fever, and lesions in the mouth accompanied by a 90% fatality which is how the disease got the name “cattle plague” (“Rinderpest Eradicated”). Rinderpest is said to have been around for centuries and is thought to be associated with the founding of the first veterinary school, many famines in multiple countries, and possibly as the first biological agent used against agriculture in Europe. Rinderpest was officially declared eradicated in 2011 after long periods of testing and monitoring to ensure no outbreaks of the disease. According to Dr. DeHaven, eradication of rinderpest has “an economic benefit, but also an animal welfare benefit” (“Rinderpest Eradicated”). Like smallpox, there are stocks of rinderpest still around in laboratories, but unlike smallpox there is unclear information about where it is contained and in how many labs. The World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) has 24 reported countries that contain the virus and it is speculated that there are other stock in laboratories that are possibly not safeguarded sufficiently (“Eliminating the Remains”). In this same case we also see debates on whether or not to destroy these samples of rinderpest throughout the world. An outbreak of rinderpest would prove to be devastating since cattle are not longer vaccinated and so all populations are naive to the disease. The same arguments exist for rinderpest as smallpox, but with a higher emphasis on searching for unnamed vials and control of the laboratories it is contained in (“Eliminating the

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Elizabeth A. Fenn, Pox Americana: the great smallpox epidemic of 1775-82, (New York: Hill and Wang, 2001). Pages, ix, 384, index, bibliography. Review by Samantha Pilcher. Elizabeth A. Fenn is the author of Pox Americana.

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In the book, Pox Americana: The Great Smallpox Epidemic of 1775-82 by Elizabeth Fenn (2001), depicts the casualty of one of the deadliest virus in mankind -- the smallpox during the American War of Independence and how it shaped the course of the war and the lives of everyone in the North America. Smallpox is a highly contagious disease caused by an Orthopoxvirus known as variola major virus. Spread by direct transmission, the disease produces high fever, headache, excruciating back pain, anxiety, general malaise, blindness at times, and the most distinctive of all, blistering rashes that can leave deep-pitted scars. Its spread could be attributed through human civilizations, voyaging, expansion of trade routes. The European colonizers brought

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Crazy Horse was born in 1840 by Rapid City, South Dakota. He was born into the Sioux Indian Nation. The Sioux consisted of different branches, and Crazy Horse was a part of the most western band called the Lakota. Crazy Horse was given the name Tashunka Witco, and no one really knows how he got the name Crazy Horse. There are many different stories as of to where he achieved this name from, but nobody truly knows how he came to be known as the one and only Crazy Horse.

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Democratic power can be used to control a society, as well as establish a closeness as civilians. To lose sight of this can mean the corruption of a civilization caused by the lack of order. One’s choice of independence in order to better the chances of their survival requires complete dedication and willingness to risk. In William Golding’s Lord of the Flies, Ralph loses his democratic power due to his failure to ensure survival and protect the boys as a leader. Ralph’s failure to lead the group is due to his initial and chronic independence and inability to compete with Jack’s followers, accounted for mainly by fear.

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Today’s society is one in which women can assume positions of power, without being regarded as bitches or being told that they are for men to take. We usually do not take these women as emasculating, or oppressive towards men; although they can be, generally, they are not. In the book, One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest however, the female characters, with the exception of prostitutes and one of the nurses, are often portrayed as castrators or ‘ball cutters’. It becomes quite clear that, as we progress through the story, we see that the patients have been psychologically affected negatively, as a result of dealing with the overpowering and emasculating female characters. Furthermore, the patients seem to agree that the women, especially Nurse

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A month before homecoming, Mount Washington High always post the list. On the list it names the prettiest and ugliest girls in each grade. There are copies everywhere. The list is written by a new person each year but no one ever finds out who it is. The girls become the center of attention for homecoming month.

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Not all civilizations had the same domesticated animals and some didn't have any at all, so they never became immune to smallpox.

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The name Smallpox comes from small bumps that appear on the skin of an infected person. In fact, the word pox means “spotted” in Latin. Scientists estimate that this virus originated over 3,500 years ago in Egypt or India, when a disease like cowpox or camelpox could have mutated to infect humans. The rest, as they say, is

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Exclusion is one of the strategies of plant disease management, which prevents the entrance and establishment of the disease-causing agent (pathogen) into a non-infested area. The principle of exclusion is to prevent the spreading of the communicable disease among the living organisms such as plants animals or even human beings. Human being has been practiced this principle of exclusion a long time before the germ theory was ever accepted. Many years ago, visitors in city gates have been excluded and checked for bubonic plague and other communicable diseases and ships were detained and quarantine for about 40 days for detecting the signs of latent small pox, cholera and other diseases. Today, quarantine refers to a law that restrict the movement

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The particular weapon or better yet biological microorganism that I have chosen to outline this week is that of a particularly nasty strain of disease which has wiped out an unknown multitude of people throughout history. This infectious disease, known as the genus Orthopoxvirus, from the the family Poxviridae and subfamily of chordopoxvirinae, is potentially believed to have laid to waste whole civilizations of people. It also goes by the name “Red Plague”, or in more common parlance, “The Smallpox Virus.” Historically, this virus made its way to Europe sometime between the 5th and 7th centuries. According to Reidel (2005), “It was frequently epidemic during the Middle Ages.

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Also, in the year 1966, it was estimated that 10-15 million citizens had died altogether. Smallpox was finally proclaimed eradicated in 1980. Nowadays, only government laboratories in the United States and Russia contains fragments of the virus for research purposes. However, if used as a biological warfare agent, it is a immense threat to humanity and civilization because of its case-fatality of more than 30%. No cure or treatment for smallpox exists.

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Introduction Primarily a zoonotic disease of warm blooded animals such as dogs, wild cats, jackals and wolfs. It is caused by a bullet shaped NEUROTROPIC RNA VIRUS belongs to rhabdoviridae type 1.Rabies is the deadliest disease on the earth with a 99.9% fatality rate. The rabies virus attacks the central nervous system causing severely distressing neurological symptoms. Agent factor Rhabdovirus type 1(RNA virus) Structure

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Smallpox outbreaks have occurred from time to time for thousands of years, but the disease is now eradicated after a successful worldwide vaccination program. The last naturally occurring case in the world was in Somalia in 1977. After the disease was eliminated from the world, routine vaccination against smallpox among the general public was stopped because it was no longer necessary for prevention. In 1970, when smallpox was nearly eradicated, a previously unrecognized orthopoxvirus named monkey pox was identified in humans.

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