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Missing Data Pattern

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Missing data pattern and mechanism There is need for a consideration of pattern and mechanism of missing data before deciding on the strategy to be employed in dealing with missing values in a dataset (Penny & Atkinson 2012). Common examples of missing data pattern are Univariate, Monotone and Arbitrary(J L Schafer & Graham 2002). A univariate missing data pattern as described by Schafer and Graham (2002) is when all missing values in a dataset are only observed in a single variable and the data in other variables are completely observed. An example is fig (1.2) which indicates that the variable y has missing values but observations in a set of p variables X1 . . . Xp is complete no missing values. Also in univariate pattern, y may represent …show more content…

The effect of these factors on data missing cannot be overlooked because evidence from past studies have shown that demographic differences of study participants affects the validity of study results and findings(Goldberg et al. 2001; Galea & Tracy 2007c). This literature review is aimed at examining factors that could influence non-response and continued participation of samples in cohort studies. It will highlight the impact of sociodemographic characteristics of subjects on missing data and study quality. Morse so, with the declining participation rate, the review will attempt to address the issues bordering participation of different groups of subjects and how these could be addressed, accommodated or adjusted in study design, planning and data …show more content…

A multivariate analyses of respondents’ demographic characteristics in a longitudinal autism research, identified increasing child age and decreasing maternal age as strong predictors of non-response to a health survey questionnaire (Kalb et al 2012) Adolescents whose characteristics are associated with poor health are less likely to participate in health surveys. These characteristics include low maternal income or education; less favourable lifestyle which includes substance misuse and alcohol. in addition, young adults with young mothers; living in urban areas; low cognitive performance; and those with psychiatric illness, are less likely to participate in health survey (Kalb et, al 2012) In general, individuals of low socioeconomic status have lower response and participation rates in health surveys(Goldberg et al. 2001; Galea & Tracy 2007c; Fekete et al. 2015) . There were also variations on the pattern of participation based on age and gender of an individual. Participation and response rate for men and women increases with increasing age for both men and women, it eventually reaches a maximum point and thereafter started decreasing with decreasing age (Boshuizen et al. 2006). A study by Volken ( 2013) aimed at finding determinants and bias in the outcomes in Swiss health survey shows that interaction between gender and age to be significantly associated with

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The target respondents were invited to complete the questionnaire and directed them to a brief explanation of the research. If a respondent volunteered to participate they were able to read the instructions and complete the questionnaire online from any internet-connected device. Contact details of the researcher were also provided in the initial description of the form should the respondent have any enquiry regarding the questionnaire. Data were collected on 23rd December 2015 from 8 a.m. until 8 a.am 24th December 2015. The length of time for data collection was considered ideal as it allowed a sufficient amount of time for interested respondent to participate in the study.

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1. What demographic variables were measured at the nominal level of measurement in the Oh et al. (2014) study? Provide a rationale for your answer.

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 pattern: Regularities and predictable relationships that emerge during the analysis of victimization data. Example: The age of the robbers from last year and now is between 22- 35 years old. 4.  trend: Increases or decreases in a variable over the time.

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These are so disjointed that they may mean no significance

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Retrospective cohort studies are much cheaper as the data have already been collected.1 This type of study is the lack of bias because the outcome of current interest was not the original reason for the data to be collected.1 However, because the cohort was originally constructed for another purpose, it is unlikely that all the relevant information will have been rigorously collected. Retrospective cohorts studies have other disadvantages that people with the outcome of interest are more likely to remember certain antecedents or minimize or exaggerate what they now consider being as risk factors (recall bias).1 Sample or population selection and loss to follow-up is a major potential cause of bias.1 Any loss to follow-up can significantly affect the validity of the

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Eligibility screenings were provided prior to the study, and those excluded in the study contain the following:  Students age >35 years (27%), BMI ≥35 kg/m2 (19%) or < .05 was the significance level set by the researcher. 9. Discussion: a. What do the researchers conclude from the results? (1 point) •

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In this section, discuss the research question(s) or hypotheses presented in the article. • There were two research questions presented in the article. The first question was how much variation in counselors’ self-reported multicultural counseling competencies is accounted for by a set of demographic, experiential, and training variables. The second question was how multicultural training explains additional variations in multicultural counseling competencies after accounting for the variation in competencies due to demographic and experiential variables. The purpose of the study/research problem was clearly identified within these two questions.

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(n.d.). Retrieved March 05, 2018, from http://www.epi.umn.edu/let/nutri/disparities/causes.shtm Chen, J. (2016, February). Retrieved March 05, 2018, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4711386/ Disparities in Healthcare Quality Among Racial and Ethnic Minority Groups | AHRQ Archive. (n.d.). Retrieved March 05, 2018, from https://archive.ahrq.gov/research/findings/nhqrdr/nhqrdr10/minority.html Healthy Aging.

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Moreover, within the subgroup there are different stressors that may potentially put someone at higher risk for an adverse event. By identifying a subgroup as different it may lead discrimination from other subgroups. However, if disaggregated data was not able to assess sub groups programs could not be responsive to the needs of the subgroup. Hence, the data can determine who is more susceptible for disease, where do they reside, and implement policies to address the issue (Tshabalala & Taylor, 2016). Nonetheless, due to the extensive amount of aggregated data, lack of disaggregated data may lead to poor informed decisions in regards to community needs.

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Name: Lonnie Young III Topic: Autism General Purpose: To inform. Specific Purpose:

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When looking at reviews on interventions used with children with asd it appears not all are effective there are features of some that are more effective than others. There has been a great level of importance placed on the key features that promote the effectiveness and that start the intervention process as early as possible that most children benefit from over 15 hours per week of intervention, the more the better. Including interventions were parents and carers can be involved. Interventions that seem to show the most affect are behavioural approaches and those that address the issues of social communication. There is no intervention that will reduce symptoms of autism, there are ones that focus on improving life skills and other abilities

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On the other hand, according to Daniel Salmon, “Compulsory vaccination has contributed to the enormous success of US immunization programs”, so if this is can be taken as fact, then how can vaccinations be causing autism and other disorders (Salmon)? There are many other social variables that could be contributing to the rise in children being diagnosed with autism. Age in pregnancy has been on the rise for many years, and with a rise in age also increases the chance in giving birth to a child with autism. Another variable could be all of the processed foods we eat nowadays. Because of that, one of our founding principles is “respecting minority interests” and that usually involves the majority to bear part of the costs of the minority’s behavior.

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The entirety of the study has since been debunked, retracted and condemned by the scientific community. “There is significant evidence to suggest no causal effect or association between receipt of vaccinations and autism, and this has been reviewed extensively elsewhere (Doja).” This quote from an expert in the field, who heads the Division of Neurology of the Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario, and has published a study on this issue is the common belief among all members of the science and health

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Social determinants of health depend on social, environmental and economic conditions in societies (EuroHealthNet, n.d.). These factors and conditions, together with the age, sex and hereditary factors of a person, are interlinked and influence the health status of the individual, because a person is born, grows, lives, works and ages in these conditions (Equity Action, 2010). The living and working conditions include agriculture and food production, education, work and environment, unemployment, water and sanitation, health care services and housing (Marmot, Health inequalities in the EU, 2013, p. 40). In addition, it is clear that equal access to good health is hard to achieve, and it can be done so, if disadvantages are assessed, and that necessary measures should be taken (Stegeman, Costongs, & Needle,

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Resources were not provided directly because of inaccessibility of study area. However, reliability and validity of materials are not exactly since raw data was taken several years

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