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Negative Ethics: Deontology, Ethics, And Consequentialism

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In Philosophy there are different branches to explain the defining features of what philosophy discusses. One of the important branches defined under Ethics is Normative Ethics. Normative Ethics is the content of morality, how something should be or have to be. The three defining features composed in Normative Ethics include Deontology, Virtue Ethics as well as Consequentialism. Deontology is the concept of which moral obligation is from a strict set of principles that are followed no matter what the consequences are when approaching and ethical question ( ). It is an ethnical theory which distinguishes from right and wrong. Deontologists follow the moral rules and laws and do their duty. Deontology avoids being subjective because the actions …show more content…

It is of moral importance to cultivate habitual acts such as generosity, courage and friendship ( ). Virtue Ethics live a life of moral character and quire virtue through practice. They do not have a specific set of moral rules or laws for resolving ethnical problems. Virtue Ethics is a cultivation of moral character, it focuses on being and character. Virtue Ethics is habitual, not necessarily religious and involves having a complex mindset with no external influence. It involves having intrinsic value which is the value is in itself as well as extrinsic value which is established from external motivation. Virtue Ethics focus on being rather than doing and is exercised on moral character and Eudemonia. Eudemonia is roughly translated into happiness, human flourishing, happy lifestyle, etc. A person acquires a set of skills based on how their life flourishes, with the capacity to navigate and increase their human flourish. It is agent based so it requires a person with a capacity to think. Virtue Ethics emphasise moral character on the basis of morality because it requires the calculating of moral character, a person acts morally when faced with a …show more content…

Consequentialism determines what is right and wrong based on what the outcome of the problem or dilemma is, causing it to be a reason-based approach. It judges what is right by which consequences increases pleasure. It handles the concept of the greatest good for the greatest number. Consequentialism (Utilitarianism) – intentions have nothing to do with the consequences of your actions. It depends on the consequences (you must or must not). ONLY consequences, outcome orientated. Action vs Intention. Focuses on increasing the sense of pleasure, happiness, preference or interest. Act = maximises the good. Rule = setting a moral code containing rules. Consequentialism states that an act is only ethnical if it maximises the overall happiness for everyone involved. You do something in condition to receiving something in

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As we know consequentialism is the focus of an action that does more intrinsically good than bad, one kind of consequentialist theory is utilitarianism. Utilitarianism is an action that produces consequences that are more good over bad for everyone involved. In order to produce an action that is the best one a utilitarianist would consider both long and short term effects. Two sub categories of utilitarianism include act utilitarianism and rule utilitarianism. act utilitarianism bases an action on the overall well being produced by an individual.

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As far as the virtue ethics tradition goes, the topic called duty (or principle) ethics arose. Duty, or principle ethics, differs from virtue ethics in that it focuses more on objective actions and interpretations. For example, Wilczenski stated that principle ethics encourages the use of situational, ethical conflict-resolving behavior in the school counseling environment (Wilczenski pg. 8). While I agree that objectivity and self-restraint should be learned and applied in certain situations, I cannot abandon the subjective outlook that virtue ethics provide in philosophic skill building.

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Aristotle describes virtue theory as an ethical theory that emphasizes an individual 's character rather than following a set of rules. Breaking it down even further to specify knowing right from wrong, being able to read an atmosphere by knowing what is right, and it is the midpoint between two extremes. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. display to be a virtue ethicists through his letter oppose to being a deontologist or utilitarian. Laws define a set of rules that the people should follow; however, there are unjust laws that are meant to be challenged.

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When a person is going to make a moral decision based on consequentialism, he or she first look at the good and bad possible consequences of the action, then determine whether the total good consequences outweigh the total bad.

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Answer 2: 1) Consequentialism, it says that an action can be judged as ethical or unethical based on the consequences it creates, practices which bring in a person cannot predict consequences beforehand, an art which could be gained with experience. Consequentialism has its types to evaluate morality, here it is by the human practices based on their act, the rules, the motives behind a specific practice and the character traits of a person who decides. Classic Utilitarianism is regarded as a generally accepted version of consequentialism. An action is considered moral based on the Utility, which is personal satisfaction, commonly stated as “happiness” minus the pain. Thus, an action is morally good or bad is based upon the rise and fall

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Consequentialist believe that morality is about producing the right overall consequences, and that the action brings about either happiness, freedom or survival of species. Utilitarianism is an example of consequentialism that maximizes utility (happiness). The difference between utilitarianism and consequentialism is that a utilitarian overlooks justice, as long as an utilitarian can maximize pleasure they would do whatever it takes. Consequentialist enjoy maximizing pleasure like a utilitarian, but they also take into account autonomy and justice. A consequentialist believes that determining good by measuring the outcome, if the good for all in the act is greater than the bad for all in the act, it is deemed morally good.

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Deontology argues that they are not the consequences of actions to define them but the reason for which the action was carried out in the first place. Consequentialism, on the other

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Hyejin Jang Professor Writing DED 8 April 2016. 4. 7. Kant’s ethics differs from utilitarian ethics both in its scope and in the precision with which it guides action. In The Categorical Imperative, Kant emphasizes that human autonomy is the essence of morality.

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Virtue ethics is more about ‘being’ whereas moral ethics is more about ‘doing’ (Rondall, 2014). In order to act and behave in a morally correct way, one has to have a character and virtues that will support it. Being a virtuous person will enable you to act according to moral principle; however you cannot act according to moral principle and do your duty if you do not have the virtues that allow for this. Kant suggests that good will is achieved through intent, contributing to the argument that one cannot act morally if their intentions have ulterior motives (Rondall, 2014). The motivation behind duty is having the respect for moral law, thus inferring that one has to have respect which is gained through practice, learnt by habituation and taught from example (Johnson & Cureton, 2016).

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It judges the rightness or wrongness of an action based on properties intrinsic to the action, not on its consequence. A non consequentialist won’t think a lot while taking a decision, all they think while taking a decision is that whether this decision will benefit anyone or if it will harm anyone they forget the outcome related to it. He/ She can be selfless while

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Virtue ethics is an expansive theory inspired by the famous Greek philosopher Aristotle. In contrast to deontology and consequentialism, virtue ethics emphasizes the moral character (ideal traits) of a person. Aristotle believed that nature produced humans with the desire to be virtuous, just how seeds are built with the drive to become trees. This concept can be related to the term eudaimonia, which translates to the flourishing of a human being; a happy and well-lived life.

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Virtue theory is more comprehensive and practical than traditional approaches to business ethics because it is about the type of person. Virtue theory is concerned with the cultivation of character and it provides happy life. Moral growth comes from choice rather than rules. Virtue ethics emphasizes the process of individual moral character development. Virtue theory helps to develop principles, tactics and procedures of business.

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