Although Ivan’s admission of lower classes to the oprichnina and bureaucracy and Peter’s Table of Ranks increased the number of nobles, both rulers restricted the nobility: Ivan’s forces terrorized and killed boyars, and Peter forced them to Westernize and serve the state. To appease nobles with greater control over the lower classes, Ivan restricted peasants’ movement and Peter allowed nobles to tie serf villages to
It can be argued that Peter the Great had a lot to pick up after, especially following Ivan IV’s reign, the Time of Troubles, false Tsardom, and the great Raskol. However, Peter the Great creatively used all of these disadvantages to his own advantage. Rather than “tearing apart” society, Peter the Great reoriented Russian society by means of merit and collective productive contribution to society. Although it can be disputed “whether Peter the Great was a “revolutionary” tsar, Peter’s immense impact on Russia’s service system is simply undeniable” (Kaiser and Marker 226). It was perhaps Peter’s different upbringing that allowed him to formulate such distinguishable values that the country ran on during his reign.
Economically, it was used as a currency and people were not only paid with it, but they paid their taxes with the grain. According to Tom Standage,
The luxuries that returned with the crusaders consisted of spices, sugar, and silk. All of these items had new and special used to the Europeans. “The silk replaced wool in the clothing of many lords and ladies. Spices were used to keep foods from spoiling”(document 8). The merchants and nobles were so pleased by these new luxuries that they wanted
As the French had about Twenty-five million people, 100,000 were clergy, 400,000 were the nobleman, and the rest was known as the third estate. The third estate was left to starve, while Louis XVi and Marie Antoinette lived a luxury lifestyle. The only food they could afford for a limited time was bread, but then the prices got so high, that the rich can only afford it.
Potatoes were also a New World crop that was essential to the European diet which was also food for the lower class too.
These included, among other things, potatoes, corn, and tomatoes. All of these became very important to various European populations. Coming the other way were various species of animals. Since the Americans didn’t have no large domesticated sources of meat, these were important sources
The nobility declared they have rights to hunt on the land of peasants and they had monopolies on the ovens, wine and oil presses (Spielvogel, 555). This indicated the Europe was dominated by the powerful lords who had the large landed estate. It should be studied today because it indicated the relationship between the peasants and land owners at that time.
There was other food in their day-to-day rations for example the meat that was offered could consist of bacon, pork, or beef. They would salt their pork so that it would have a longer shelf life and be safe to eat for longer. Some other things they had were flour and bread products. The “bread” was a dried-out cracker with longer shelf life. They also had sugar.
1b. The Overcoat explains a man commonly suffering because of the lifestyle that was going on in Russia. Back in the 19th Century in Russia, life was troublesome. Throughout the text, Akakiy never let one that their eye of his humanity and what is going on around him. The following statement represents the life of individuals in pre-revolutionary Russia.
When the Europeans returned home, they brought home new crops which had a huge impact on their diets. While the rich had “meat heavy” diets, “the poor were relegated to mainly vegetables (Shelton, The Columbian Exchange). However, Europe’s vegetables were becoming scarce. People were becoming malnourished from the lack of vegetables. New crops from
Also they ate turkey, cornbread, deer meat, Indian pudding. Also clams and oysters potatoes pumpkin pie. Many tables are filled
But their gods were very different. They thought religion was really important. As they started to farm their main food source was corn (maize), beans, squash and chocolate. They used these to make their “dishes” for example a mixiotes which is rabbit meat with corn and more ingredients. They used chocolate to make unsweetened hot chocolate.
Bourgeoisie generally refers to the middle class such as; merchants, shopkeepers and prosperous farmers etc. On the other hand, aristocracy refers to is the upper class or titled nobility. They were fully different classes in a class system, but after the industrial revolution, fortunes were increasingly linked to the factory system, the raw materials and fuel that supported it, and the financial capital that allowed it to expand because of that the bourgeoisie didn’t entirely replace the aristocracy, however; in many cases, the merged with it through marriage. A marriage between a son of aristocratic lineage and the heiress to an industrial fortune, for example, could be beneficial to both parties: the aristocratic family would gain the financial
This was the base of almost all meals for the lower class and the meals were very bland and tasteless. For the upper class presentation was what was most important, the more food and choices that was laid out on the table the more impressive that person or family looked(“Elizabethan Daily Meals.”). The upper classes were allowed to eat white bread and specially prepared meals made by that individual's servant. The upper classes drank a lot of ale and wine and those privileged in the upper structures almost all had their own
