Tn 4351 was originally isolated from bacteroides fragilis [30] . The transposon was successfully introduced into Cytophaga succinicans, Flavobacterium meningosepticum, Flexibacter canadiansis, Flexibacter strain SFI and Sporocytophaga myxococcoides by conjugation [25]. Tn 4351carries two antibiotic resistance gene. One of the codes for resistance to erythromycin and clindamycin which is expressed in bactroides but not in E.Coli. The other gene codes for resistance in tetracycline and is expressed in aerobically grpwn E. coli, but not in anaerobically grpwn E. coli or in bacteroides.
C4564 Description: IC50: 3-AP is a ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor and iron chelator with antitumor activity. Ribonucleotide reductase, the rate-limiting enzyme for de novo DNA synthesis, is an excellent target for chemotherapy. Its increased activity in cancer cells is associated with malignant transformation and proliferation.
The study also found that an increase in γ-H2AX (a marker for DNA double-strand breaks) and a decrease in RAD1 (a marker of HR directed DNA repair) focus-positive cells was associated with a depletion of MEN1 expression as predicted. The study also predicted that NHEJ could function to repair double strand breaks, and would increase with a loss of MEN1 functionality. The study found this prediction to be true. The study also investigated the role of ATM and ATR DNA damage kinases in relation to MEN1, and found that MEN1 is protected from ubiquitin mediated degradation through phosphorylation by ATM and ATR protein kinases. One of the most significant results from this study involved determining the functional relationship between the expression of HR target genes and MEN1, as well as investigating the mechanism of action involved in the cellular process.
1. Identify the range of senses involved in communication • Sight (visual communication), Touch (tactile communication), Taste, Hearing (auditory communication), Smell (olfactory communication) 2. Identify the limited range of wavelengths and named parts of the electromagnetic spectrum detected by humans and compare this range with those of THREE other named vertebrates and TWO named invertebrates. Figure 1: the electromagnetic spectrum source: www.ces.fau.edu Vertebrates Human Japanese Dace Fish Rattlesnake Zebra Finch Part of electromagnetic spectrum detected ROYGBV (visible light) detected by light sensitive cells in the eye called rods and cones.
After multiple cycles of ligation, detection and tail cleavages, the extended chain reached the end of the template. Then the whole extension chain is removed and a new starting primer switching down 1 nucleotide position binds onto the template for another cycle of reaction. Totally, five round of primer binding cycles are performed to complete the sequencing of each fragment. 3. Pitfalls and limitations of NGS Errors could be introduced in any step of the sequencing process, including library
During this experiment, mitochondria were isolated from 20.2 grams of cauliflower using extraction buffer, filtration through Miracloth, and centrifusion. Twelve samples containing various volumes of mitochondrial suspension, assay buffer, DCIP, sodium azide, and citric acid cycle intermediates were prepared to be read by a spectrophotometer. The inclusion of the dye DCIP allowed for the absorbance of the reactions between the mitochondrial suspension and the TCA cycle intermediates succinate, malonate, and oxalate to be measured, as DCIP turns from blue to colorless as the activity of succinate dehydrogenase increases. Experimental Findings Increasing the number of mitochondria in the reaction did increase the reduction of DCIP relative to the amount of mitochondrial suspension present.
The key enzyme in the process is DNA polymerase that forms the PCR product by linking individual nucleotide bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine). Short DNA fragments with sequence complimentary to target DNA are called primers; these specify the DNA sequence that has to be amplified. The PCR reaction mixture is made in a 96 well plate or test tube and placed in a thermal cycler. The thermal cycler is a machine used to amplify DNA by altering the temperature in repeated cycles using three precise pre programmed steps: Denaturation – By increasing the temperature in the thermal cycler the DNA is denatured creating separate single stranded DNA
Throughout chapters seven through twelve, A lot of information has been given to us students. Inorder to pull this information together we are given labs and Pogil packets that explain exactly what is happening. Three of these labs or activities that have given me a better understanding of our topics. The labs “Double Replacement Reactions” and “Reactivity of Metals” helped me figure out how to find the the products of a chemical reaction. The Pogil activity “Limiting and Excess Reactants” helped me understand how to calculate the amounts of reactants and products in a chemical reaction.
Eukaryotes vs. Prokaryotes in DNA Replication DNA was first discovered in the 1860s by Friedrich Miescher and name nuclein, due to the recovery of these chemicals from the nucleus of a cell (Biology, 2015). DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid, is a unique, hereditary, chemical present in most living organisms. DNA presents in two distinct areas in the body; the majority existing in the nucleus as nuclear DNA, with a minor amount in the mitochondria, mtDNA. DNA consists of four main chemical bases, i.e. adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine, which in turn, form specific base pairs. Moreover, these base pairs, nitrogenous in nature, attach to a sugar (deoxyribose) and phosphate molecule, labelled as a nucleotide, and arranged in a spiral called a double helix.
Abstract: Molecular analysis of DNA encompasses a series of separation, amplification and detection techniques that are used to determine the source of origin of an organism’s tissue sample. It correlates genes’ sequences with their functions, and allows the identification of the unknown organism. This study was done to see whether the techniques of molecular genetics like extraction and polymerase chain reaction could be used to find the animal whose tissue were sampled. GENEIOUS software was used to analyze and align the electropherograms results before GenBank and BLAST were used to identify the unknown DNA sequence by comparing it to a set of already known sequences. The results indicated that the better the fragmentation of the DNA sequences were in the PCR, the better it would be assayed by electrophoresis and the more samples could be used in the CSR; thus, the more accurate the sequences would be.
Introduction Telomeres are the ends of chromosomes that consist of tandem repeats of DNA sequences, with the length varying in various species. (Wong et al., 2008). The specific role of telomeres is to protect and guard the chromosomal ends from being damaged, and so if they become too short they lose their protective nature and leave the chromosomal ends exposed to damage (Wong et al. 2008). Types of damage that can be done to telomeres include degradation, recombination, as well as activities that repair DNA and may shorten the telomeres (Samper et al., 2001). The enzyme telomerase lengthens chromosome ends and restores length of the telomeres (Marion et al., 2009).
Intrinsic factors and extrinsic factors, both contribute to this process. As discussed earlier, UV-induced damage to the DNA causes a poor renewal of the skin. When exposed to harsh sunlight, an individual is also exposed to the UV light that comes along with it. Excessive exposure can cause premature aging in certain individuals and also is observed as severe pigmentation and sunburns as well. The antioxidants, namely vitamin E and vitamin C are majorly targeted by the UV light and thus, reduce the antioxidant capacity of the epidermis on prolonged exposure.
DNA has a massive job of keeping you alive. In essence, a microscopic strand of genes support your entire body and life. There are many smaller jobs protein has to accomplish that combine to accomplish the main job of supporting life. To start, DNA codes for proteins and every protein provide an essential biological function. Also, cells make up tissues, organs, and body systems.
Introduction Today I’m going to talk about Therapeutic cloning. What is Therapeutic Cloning? Therapeutic Cloning is a technique in medical science that you can help people to get rid of some disease that they have. Scientist has already succeeded in the experiment on healing brain disease and Parkinson disease on mice.
