The purpose of this experiment was to learn about metal hydride reduction reactions. Therefore, the sodium borohydride reduction of the ketone, 9-fluorenone was performed to yield the secondary alcohol, 9-fluorenol. Reduction of an organic molecule usually corresponds to decreasing its oxygen content or increasing its hydrogen content. In order to achieve such a chemical change, sodium borohydride (NaBH4) is used as a reducing agent. There are other metal hydrides used in the reduction of carbonyl groups such as lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH4).
The goal of this experiment was to isolate three different molecules (acidic, basic, and neutral) from a mixture and identify their molecular structure. This was accomplished by using acid/base liquid extraction and H NMR analysis. The neutral component of the unknown mixture #191 was fluorenone. This was evident due to an H NMR spectra that had a high presence of hydrogen signals in the 7.2- 7.7 ppm range. Chemical shift values for fluorenone stated in the lab manual were 7.27, 7.47, 7.48, and 7.6 (CITE), indicating that the corresponding H NMR spectra for the neutral unknown is of this chemical.
Based on the assumed contamination of the TLC plate and or capillary tube, it is not possible to tell whether acetaminophen was successfully separated from the Excedrin powder. The Rf values of isolated aspirin and pure aspirin were the same. This demonstrates that the aspirin was successfully separated and is relatively pure. The isolated caffeine sample had a higher Rf value but when viewed under UV light, the markings of isolated caffeine were within the bounds of the pure caffeine, leading to the conclusion that while isolated the caffeine sample was note
The purpose of this experiment is to perform a two step reductive amination using o-vanillin with p-toluidine to synthesize an imine derivative. In this experiment, 0.386 g of o-vanillin and 0.276 g of p-toluidine were mixed into an Erlenmeyer flask. The o-vanillin turned from a green powder to orange layer as it mixed with p-toludine, which was originally a white solid. Ethanol was added as a solvent for this reaction. Sodium borohydride was added in slow portion as the reducing agent, dissolving the precipitate into a yellowish lime solution.
Now, they are ready to start the lab. The empty crucible is weighed by and the weight was recorded. Then the students used a disposable pipet and put close to 4.0 grams of their milk sample in their crucible on the scale. The crucible was then placed back on
The reduction of 9-fluorenone experiments in period 8 is a reduction reaction of double bonds, specifically a reduction of a carbonyl compound to prepare an alcohol, 9-flurenol is this experiment. Just to reiterate what a carbonyl is, a carbonyl is a compound that has a carbon double bonded to an oxygen. Since the main reaction behind this week’s experiment is a reduction reaction, it is important to learn and understand how and what takes place in it. In general terms, a reduction is a gain of electrons, opposite of oxidation, and an increase in carbon to hydrogen bonds caused by adding hydrogen atoms across double and triple bonds. This is not necessarily true in organic chemistry because the above process usually takes place on neutral atom or an ion but in this case carbon does not gain the electrons because a covalent bond is made.
The goal of the experiment is to synthesize a bromohexane compound from 1-hexene and HBr(aq) under reflux conditions and use the silver nitrate and sodium iodide tests to determine if the product is a primary or secondary hydrocarbon. The heterogeneous reaction mixture contains 1-hexene, 48% HBr(aq), and tetrabutylammonium bromide and was heated to under reflux conditions. Heating under reflux means that the reaction mixture is heated at its boiling point so that the reaction can proceed at a faster rate. The attached reflux condenser allows volatile substances to return to the reaction flask so that no material is lost. Since alkenes are immiscible with concentrated HBr, tetrabutylammonium bromide is used as a phase-transfer catalyst.
Radioactively Labeled Azole Import by M. oryzae Radioactively labeled FLC (3H-FLC), (481 GBa/mmol, 13 Ci/mmol, 1 µCi/µL; 77 µM FLC) was custom synthesized by Amersham Biosciences. The drug concentration used during the import assay was well below the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) for the strain (M. oryzae FLC MIC >32 µg/ml). To directly measure azole intracellular accumulation in the fungal cell, we used 3H-FLC in our drug uptake assay designed for M. oryzae.
ST Report In the experiment, the problem was the contaminants that were affecting the quality of the water samples. To fix this issue, three scientists had to determine the contaminants that were present in the samples. One sample was from the school sink and the second sample was from an unknown source. The scientists conducted many tests to figure out what pollutants were present in the water.
In this lab, three unknown compounds were separated from a mixture and identified by melting point. Unknown mixture #124 has components of acid, base and neutral compound. The compounds were identified by melting point and matched up with the known melting points from a given list. In order to identify the compound it was important to separate by dissolving the mixture in an organic solvent which was not soluble in water, and then extracting the solution first with HCl, and then dilute sodium hydroxide solution. From the separation mixture, the aqueous layer were obtained and labeled as TT-1 (base), TT-2(acid) and TT-3 (neutral) in three different test tubes for later recovery.
Put the filtered liquid back into the beaker, then, clean up the Buchner funnel and filter
In particular, the formulation of rosuvastatin, molecule which is generally lipophilic, poses real problems owing mainly to their low solubility in aqueous liquid pharmaceutical excipients, to their propensity to precipitate or recrystallize in aqueous solution and to their low solubility in the fluids of the gastrointestinal tract from which they must be absorbed. The bioavailability of an active ingredient also depends on its concentration in the gastrointestinal fluid, said concentration itself being dependent on the release of the active ingredient. In particular, the more lipophilic an active ingredient is, the less tendency it has to migrate in gastrointestinal fluids.
Assignment 3: Psychotropic Drug Overview: Antidepressant (7 points = annotated outline) Directions: For this assignment, you will select a psychotropic medication from the classifications of antidepressants or mood stabilizers. Choose a medication likely to be prescribed to clients with whom you are interested in working and/or a medication you would like to know more about. Create an annotated outline/infographic that includes the following: a) The use of the medication in the management of mental health –including DSM-5 code and diagnosis; b) Common side effects and any contraindications; c) Describe the pharmacokinetics of the medication using the acronym ADME to describe the process.
The calpain and calpastatin enzymes system plays a role in protein muscle renewal, as well as in the process of postmortem proteolysis of the meat in cattle. Tenderness of the meat depends on the magnitude of this process. The main enzyme is Calpain whereas Calpastatin is its inhibitor; numerous studies have identified diverse polymorphisms of the genes that code for both enzymes. Polymorphism CASTt1 and CASTuog are two mutations on the calpastatin gene, which have been identified as potential forecasters of meat tenderness. The objective of this study was to supplement previous studies, realized at the Veterinary Science Faculty, about genotyping for Calpain gene with the allelic and genotypic polymorphism frequency of CAST1 or CASTuog in
The chemical and physical properties of a variety of chemicals work together to form a desired end product that is used commercially. Three chemicals that are used to form a bouncy ball in this experiment were; Polyvinyl Alcohol, Polyvinyl Acetate, and Borate. Polyvinyl Alcohol is a water-soluble polymer that is commercially used for paper and textiles products (Polyvinyl Alcohol PVA chemical Compound). Polyvinyl Alcohol is unique polymer, for it is only created with the dissolving of another polymer such as Polyvinyl Acetate, through hydrolysis (Polyvinyl Alcohol PVA chemical Compound).Polyvinyl Alcohol is an adhesive element. With the application of polyvinyl acetate that is formed from polyvinyl alcohol; is used as an adhesive in Elmer’s
