Expanding the validity of the Level of Personality Functioning Scale observer-report and self-report versions across psychodynamic and interpersonal paradigms.
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5; APA, 2013) includes an alternative model for diagnosing personality disorders (Alternative Model for Personality Disorders; AMPD). In brief, the AMPD model defines personality disorder by identifying the severity of personality dysfunction (Criterion A), individual differences in personality dysfunction traits (Criterion B), and a variety of other criteria ensuring the personality disorder is inflexible and stable (Criteria C-D), and not better explained by other factors such as another mental disorder, substance use, medical conditions, normal development or sociocultural environment (Criteria E-G). The AMPD model was placed into section III of the DSM-5, in part due to needing more research support. Criterion B arguably has had more sustained research support, first in the increased recognition that the pathological traits
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Inter-rater reliability between the original interviewer and a second interviewer (reviewing the video-taped interview) ranged from 0.47 to 0.49 for the four aspects of self (identity, self-direction) and interpersonal (empathy, intimacy) impairment. They also found that the LPFS correlated with anxiety, depression, several personality disorder criteria, and were positively correlated (rs between .29 and .69) with the Criterion B measure of pathological personality traits (Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5); APA, 2013). However, they also found that DSM-IV PDs were not incrementally associated with the LPFS once pathological traits (Criterion B) were included in the