Physical properties of a substance or solution are anything that can be detected without changing the chemical nature of the substance. Physical properties describe it as a unique substance which allows us to determine the individuality of an unknown substance.
Physical properties:
Physical properties such as density, colour, normal boiling point, freezing point and refractive index are those properties that can be determined without altering the chemical properties of the substance. This is after the property has been determined; the material can be recovered in its original state by physical methods thus being a pure substance. The determination of chemical properties generally requires a chemical process. This process changes the properties
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Van Der Waals forces: This is bonds formed between the molecules of a substance because of the displacement of the electrons in molecules.
2. Permanent Dipole-Dipole bonds: This is bonds that are stronger than Van Der Waals in terms of the fact that the atoms on different sides of molecules have charges due to different electronegativity. This means the bonds remain for a longer period of time and also keep molecules closer to each other.
3. Hydrogen bonds: Hydrogen bonding is the strongest of the intermolecular bonds of them all. These are also a kind of permanent dipole forces and they are only found if hydrogen is present in the molecules.
Molecules with stronger intermolecular forces have higher boiling and melting points. The molecules in a liquid slide past each other yet they are still closer to each other due to their intermolecular forces. A rise in temperature gives the molecules kinetic energy enough for them to break away from each other. After this, they can escape into a gas phase.
Molecules in a liquid with weaker intermolecular forces have are not as attracted to each other as stronger intermolecular forces. Weaker intermolecular forces can escape into the gas phase with easiness and their boiling and melting points are