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Plantar Fasciitis Case Study

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Diagnosis of plantar fasciitis is based upon the patient’s history and on results of the physical examination typically present with inferior heel pain on weight bearing and pain often continue for months to years [5].The patient usually has tenderness around the medial calcaneal ligaments at the plantar aponeurosis[4] .Some risk factors of plantar fasciitis include faulty mechanics of the foot due to structural abnormalities, age-related degenerative changes, overweight and occupations involving standing for a long time such as falling into this category include teachers, construction workers, cooks, nurses, military personnel and athletes training for long distance running events[6] .Many treatment options exist, including stretching and strengthening, shoes modification, arch supports and orthotics such as night splints, anti inflammatory agents and surgery [7,8] . …show more content…

The rearfoot consists of four bones the distal side of the tibia and fibula (leg bones), the calcaneus (heel bone), and the talus. The plantar fascia originates from the medial calcaneal ligaments, dividing into a medial, central and lateral band that attaches to the superior surface of the abductor hallucis, flexor digitorum brevis, and abductor digiti minimi musculature, respectively. The medial longitudinal arch (MLA) of the foot aids in distributing the force attributed to the weight bearing. The MLA of the foot resembles two rods a rear rod consisting of the calcaneus, talus and an anterior rod consisting of the navicular, three cuneiforms, and the first three metatarsals. These rods are connected at their base by the plantar fascia. When force is applied to the apex of the MLA, the arch depresses and the two rods separate then the tension is distributed throughout the plantar fascia. The main ligaments that aid in supporting the MLA are the long and short plantar ligaments and the calcaneonavicular ligament.

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In healthy individuals, anterior rotation of the innominate occurs during extension of the freely swinging leg. When the innominate anteriorly rotates, it glides inferiorly down the short arm and posteriorly along the long arm of the SIJ. In non-weights bearing an arthrokinematic glide between the innominate and the sacrum occurs during posterior rotation of the innominate and is physiological (i.e., follows the articular surfaces). In weight bearing, the close-packing of the SIJ precludes this physiological glide. Sacral nutation produces the same relative arthrokinematic glide as posterior rotation of the innominate (inferoposterior motion of the sacrum is the same as anterosuperior motion of the innominate); sacral counternutation produces the same arthrokinematic glide as anterior rotation of the innominate (anterosuperior motion of the sacrum is the same as inferoposterior motion of the

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Turf toe can also lead to hyperflexion injuries. The pain will eventually disappear after two to three weeks. Anti-inflammatory drugs - using over the counter medications like Ibuprofen will help to lessen the pain Rest - if you are in a healing process, it is important to avoid putting extra weights and pressure on your injured foot Ice - use ice packs or an ice massage every hour that will take 15 to 20 minutes just to lessen the pain and the swelling Compression - your toes should be taped with the use of elastic bandages and tapes to prevent your toes from moving Elevation - raise your injured foot above your heart level using pillows and

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The deformation known as clubfoot is a standout amongst the most widely recognized birth imperfections including the musculoskeletal framework. It presents intrinsic dysplasia of every single musculoskeletal tissue distal to the knee. It is a deformity in which the foot is twisted so that the sole cannot be placed flat on the ground. Understanding the microscopic structure of diseased tissues that characterize clubfoot are very important areas of research. The major component of the ligament, muscle, tendon, bone and joint cartilage involved in clubfoot is collagen.

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The distal fibula is firmly connected to the fibular notch of the distal tibia by syndesmotic ligaments. The stability of this articulation is integral in allowing for adequate functioning of the ankle and lower extremity. The ligaments are the anterior inferior tibiofibular ligament (AITFL) (Fig 1), the posterior inferior tibiofibular ligament (PITFL) (Fig 2), the transverse ligament, and the interosseous ligament.

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DOI: 06/05/12. Patient is a 50-year-old male construction laborer who sustained a work related injury to his back due to lifting heavy objects off a conveyor. Based on medical report dated 5/0115, the patient complains of severe, and on and off middle and lower back pain with difficulty with all activities. Pain is described as constant, burning, aching, dull, sharp, throbbing and tingling.

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The Achilles tendon is a band of fibrous tissue that connects the calf muscles to the heel bone. The two-calf muscles that attaches to the heel bone are the gastrocnemius and soleus. The Achilles tendon lower part of the calf that attaches to the calcaneus. The Achilles tendon allows to stand, run, or jump while being on our toes. While doing any movement the calf muscles flex and pull on the heel.

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An articulation is the weakest point on the skeleton however the structure is capable of resisting strong forces that may threaten its normal alignment . A normal structure of a joint includes a coated layer of tough, slippery tissue that coats the ends of each bone known as an articular cartilage. A cartilage acts as a shock absorber and keeps the end of the bones from being crushed. For instance the knee, also known as the biggest and most complex joint in our body has an extra cartilage known as a semi-circular cartilages, these cartilages or menisci helps with the prevention of the femur to rock side to side on the tibia as well as acting as a shock absorber .

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1) The medial side of the knee joint is the most vulnerable to dramatic injury because usually the force sustained comes from the lateral side causing the medial collateral ligament to open up or tear. In dance the medial collateral ligament could be injured if you plant your foot and change directions quickly or uncontrolled, violent plies. Dance being a sport that is not usually super physical, your injuries come from self inflicted accidents. As dancers it is our responsibility to strengthen our muscles on our lower extremities (Quadriceps femoris group and Hamstrings group) but our ligaments are not able to be strengthened, they are just how they are.

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Structure Of The Foot: The structure of the foot comprises 26 mostly small bones and 33 joints which form two arches. These bones are held together by the fact that they fit into each other; and fibrous ligaments, muscles and a tough tissue (known as the plantar fascia) support them to retain the shape of the foot. There are also fat pads in the foot, which assist in absorbing impact and with weight bearing. The two major functions of the feet are that act as levers which push the leg forward to enable us to walk; and they help in maintaining body balance by being able to adjust to uneven surfaces.

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In each knee joint, there is two pieces of C-shaped cartilage which lies between the surfaces of the femur and tibia. The lateral side of the meniscus is known ad lateral meniscus while the medial side is known as medial meniscus. The major role of the menisci is to absorb the impact load between the femur and tibia and also to provide some degree of stabilization to

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Foot plate takes over load of PTB. To provide knee stability needs two bandages on thigh to correct A/P instability of knee. Knee joint provides flexion and extension stability and prevent hyperextension of knee and fall caused by Knee extensor weakness (Lusardi, et al., 2013). Figure 2, Orthosis for Polio, & Post-Polio

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The menisci improve congruency between the femoral and condyles of tibia during this movement.27 Figure 8: Articular surfaces of knee joint (A- In extension, B- In flexion). EXTRACAPSULAR LIGAMENTS The ligamentum patellae is attached to the lower border of the patella superiorly and to the tibia tuberosity inferiorly. It is continuation of the central portion of the quadriceps femoris tendon.28 The cordlike lateral collateral ligament is attached superiorly to the lateral condyle of the femur and inferiorly to the head of the fibula.

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Crush Injury of the Foot A crush injury of the foot happens when a great amount of force is suddenly applied to the foot. For example, this might happen if a heavy load falls onto the foot. This injury can cause damage to the skin and to many structures within the foot and ankle joint. Treatment will depend on which structures are damaged and how severe the injury is. HOME CARE

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Conservative treatment includes RICE (rest, immobilization, compression bandage and elevate) and pain- killers. Physiotherapy in the form of exercises, electrotherapy modalities, knee braces and sports taping can also aid in recovery. Operative management includes arthroscopic evaluation and specific treatment of individual pathology. Meniscus injuries can result in excruciating pain and locking of the joint. Clinical test can lead to provisional diagnosis of the meniscal injuries.

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Anatomical Structure In Figure 1.1 shown below you can see the Anatomical Structure of the foot and the different bones that make up the Toes, or Phalanges as they are also known. As you can see from the image below, the metatarsals are connected to the Ankle bones via the Tarsometatarsal Joint. It is the Metatarsals however that the Phalanges attach to. The Proximal Phalanges are attached to the Metatarsals via the Metatarsophalangeal Joints which are the joints found at the base of the toes.

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