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Positivism And 3rd Wave Feminism

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In this essay, positivism and 2nd/3rd wave feminism are being compared and contrasted on their theories of how victims are given their status. In particular looking into the view of rape victims as this shows differences and similarities between the two theories. In the Sexual Offences Act (2003) it defines rape as forced penetration, with lack of consent, to the vagina, anus or mouth by a penis. Both of these theories explore the views of ‘ideal victims’. The United Nations stated that the term victim was an individual who has suffered harm either physically, mentally or emotional: victimization occurs when a person suffers harm as a result of someone violation criminal laws.
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It refers to several strains on feminist activity and study. This movement perceived backlash from the second wave feminism in the 1960’s, 70’s and 80’s and the perception they were betraying of women being ‘many colours, ethnicities, religions and any cultural background’. Gender violence became a central issue for the third wave of feminism. This is any type of violence which instantly affects women. Many organizations have formed awareness and actions around issues relating to women’s sexuality.
Feminists work to disprove rape myths and the stigma around them. In public perception sexual assaults do not class as “real rapes”. Brownmiller (1975)
Another issue the third wave feminism wanted to solve was rape, in 2011 feminists introduced the Slut Walks. A police officer Michael Sanguinetti made a statement stating ‘women should avoid dressing like sluts in order not to be victimized.’ This Slut Walk movement caught on quickly with women being victimized by being called sluts, then all women must be sluts, regardless of what they may be wearing. This movement was use to change the social attitudes about the appearance of women’s bodies and to empower women with the potential of their own …show more content…

Rape crisis (2017), is a feminist organisation in England and Wales to promote the needs and rights of women and girls who have experienced any sexual violence, to improve services for them and hopefully work towards the elimination of sexual abuse, with 95% of all service users being female. This organisation are joint taskforce with Rape Crisis National Service Standards (RCNSS), they aim to ensure that no matter the background of the women or girls, should receive a consistent and high quality response from any Rape crisis member centre. Rape crisis member centres across England and wales have responded to 171,000 helpline calls from March 2015 for 12 months with an average of 3,000 per week. This showing an increase of 16% since 2014-2015. Victims support is an independent charity, which work towards a world where people affected by crime or traumatic events get the support they need and the respect which they deserve. They help people feel safer and find the strength to move beyond crime. The support is free, confidential and tailored to the victim’s needs. Between 2015 and 2016 952,100 individuals were offered help, 1.7 million calls were handled in 2015-2016. Women’s aid federation aim to empower women who have been affected by domestic abuse to live independent lives

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[7] In his book, “Missoula,” John Krakauer analyses the issue of rape in the college town of Missoula. Krakauer begins his work by quoting the article False Allegations of Sexual Assault: Rape is unique. No other violent crime is so fraught with controversy, so enmeshed in dispute and in the politics of gender and sexuality… And within the domain of rape, the most highly charged area of debate concerns the issue of false allegations. For centuries, it has been asserted and assumed that women “cry rape,” that a large proportion of rape allegations are maliciously concocted for purposes of revenge or other motives.

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Rape myths are at the center of the problem of how rape and sexual assault cases are looked at, and treated as in society. Rape myths vary, some excuse the rape, others try to minimize the severity of the situation, while others doubt the act even happened in the first place (Levit and Verchick, 196). Some examples of rape myths include: a victim was “asking for it,” a victim’s previous sexual history, regretful sex is not rape, a woman’s “no” means “yes,” and women lie about rape all the time. Rape myths are targeted towards women, not the rapist. Despite, rape myths being proved false by empirical evidence, they are still prevalent in society.

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Novelist, Roxane Gay, in her essay “The careless Language of Sexual Violence”, voices her concerns about rape culture and how it is perpetuated in today’s society. She uses anaphora, imagery, and rhetorical questions in order to demonstrate how society “carelessly” (131) normalizes rape. In her essay, Gay uses rhetorical questions and anaphora to further stress her concerns and talk about how writers are gratuitous when talking about rape. She opens her essay using anaphora comparing “crimes” to “atrocities.

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This is a fight that is to be fought by all women around the world not limited to any particular or singular person or group, all women deserve justice. Likewise men are also victims of rape, not once does Jones adress this even as a possibility. This is typically thought to be a man's doing and never a women’s. It’s about decency and gender equality... for men who prey on and abuse and violate women (Jones). Not only does this address the lack of cultural presence in Jones’s article but the high level of assumption the author is presenting.

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Through gender socialization women are told to stay quiet when it comes to rape and those women are blamed for what happened to them. The patriarchy that still is very prevalent in the college systems today have allowed for this behavior. Gender stratification has allowed for men to get away with their crimes and has forced women to remain silent. When women do speak up they are discriminated against and are called radical feminist. Many feminist movements have started to bring awareness to this issue and are trying to make the world we live in more just for the women who are struggling to have their voice be heard.

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When questioned about rape, especially most women, they might think or even picture a stranger coming out of a dark place to assault someone. But in reality there’s more to it. According to the University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, “About half of all people who are raped know the person who attacked them. This is known as date rape — forced sex that can happen not only on a date, but also somewhere like a party with someone the victim may know, like, or even be interested in.” Furthermore, social critic and feminist, Camille Paglia, has been discussing this persisting issue about date rape with a personal stance that many women may disagree with.

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Survivors Support Group I am currently on the mental health track, so looking at a potential group that I might encounter would encompass female victims of domestic violence and abuse (DVA) which is also referred to as intimate partner violence (IPV) and rape or sexual assault victims (as statues vary depending on the states definition). Both forms of abuse stem from a power and control dynamic. The use of force during sex is not about sexual pleasure for the perpetrator, instead the pleasure comes from being in a position of power and having control over another human being. The act of hurting and demeaning the woman is the real pleasure. DVA/IPV consists of physical, sexual, emotional, and economic abuse.

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As a response to the systemic, widespread and massive rape campaign carried out against Bosnian Muslims and Croat women and girls during the 1992 to 1995 Bosnian War, the 1993 United Nations Security Council Resolution 827 (UN Security Council, 1993), as a preamble to the establishment of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY), contains the first ever documented UN reference to rape committed during armed conflict or rape as a violation of international humanitarian law (Schott, 2011, p. 5). The United Nations has identified four types of war rape. These four types include opportunistic rape, which is random; political rape, which defines the woman as property and frequently incorporates public rapes as a means

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Feminism is now said to be entering its forth wave. The forth wave focuses on opposition to violence against woman and sexual harassment, it is also associated with the use of social media. In Australian contemporary society, some people may view those who support the feminist movement as

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“Although concerning sexual practices between adults and children have existed throughout history and across cultures, whether such behavior was conceived of and defined as ‘abuse’ has been dependent on the societal values of the particular period” (Denov, 2004). In today’s society, sex offending has become an increasingly, concerning phenomenon that individuals must become more aware of. Although generally regarded as a male phenomenon, over time, female perpetrators have become equally important as male perpetrators. Due to the lack of public awareness, female sexual predators go unreported. As a result, society must become more aware of female sexual perpetrators, as many incidents of females assaulting both young men and women have gone unreported for some time.

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The United States of America is a relatively new country that evolved exceptionally fast. Yet the common ideas of gender haven't evolved much. Namely, many historical events were accomplished by women or involved women; however, they aren't taught in high school. Most, if not all, educated individuals know these great male historical figures that influenced the US: George Washington, Abraham Lincoln, Thomas Jefferson, Martin Luther King, and etc. Most of 'American history' is white men history, or better summarized as (his)story.

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It encourages violence as opposed and oppression as opposed to the equality that the feminist movement intended. IV. How the Current State of the Market Encouraged Taylor Swift’s Feel-Good Feminism Selling sex to selling activism as a strategy

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The upper and lower-class have had the longest damaging social divide throughout history which was caused by the upper-class living a lavish lifestyle while their social counterparts went through new struggles every day. The upper-class has ownership and bosses the working class around, while the lower-class is forced to accept the low-paying jobs the owners offer. In The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck, the migrants face several hardships on their journey to California, and also struggle to obtain daily necessities as a result of not having jobs. The Joads, the family seen throughout the book, come across numerous difficulties due to the lack of job opportunities. For instance, when the Joads are provided with jobs to pick cotton or jobs

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5). The first wave feminists are regarded as the ‘godmothers’ of feminism because they claimed for controversial and critical changes, which then became part of women’s lives (Baumgardner & Richards, 2000; Henry, 2004; Heywood, 2006, as cited in Ewig & Ferree, 2013, p. 448). They laid the ground for further following feminists’ waves and movements, as for example the second wave of feminism (1960s – 1970s). Intersectionality was one of the ground-breaking differences in comparison to the first wave of feminism. The second wave feminists included a variety of women, other than just the white-bourgeoisie western women.

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Drawing on Anderson’s (2015) definition, modern misogyny is a devious and subtle form of prejudice that uses feminist ideology against itself. The 21st century paradigm, as Anderson discussed in Modern Misogyny: Anti-Feminism in a Post-Feminist Era, asserts that feminism won, and that women are now empowered and have limitless choices. These mistaken notions of gender equality in modern world underpin what Anderson called modern misogyny, which has especially detrimental effects on women since it deters collective action in favor of individual. Issues such as sexual harassment and assault come to be individual victim’s problems, and are overlooked as systemic sequel of inequality. Social changes enabled modern misogyny to build up a stronghold.

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