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Essay On Interpretivism Vs Positivism

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Positivism vs. Realism vs. Interpretivism Research Philosophy
According to positivist paradigm, data that has undergone empirical observation and is explained by means of logical analysis falls under the category of positivism. Therefore, nullifying the harsh external reality of world , be it psychological trauma induced due to poverty , to ever escalating crime rates etc. However, interpretivists also tend to believe that the subjective analysis of the events, unravel the real face of the events.
In philosophy, the term realism is defined as the acceptance of reality just the way it is and every entity exists independently, despite our theories regarding them. Positivism is complementary with natural sciences’ experiments, mean while, conducting …show more content…

This happens, usually, prior to conceiving any conceptual knowledge or relationship hypothesis. This means of research, aids in determining the best research design, data collection method and selection of subjects, all this takes place primarily to explanatory relationship posit Explanatory research is research conducted in order to elucidate the research question, and is systematically explained. This area deals with ‘how, when and why’ subdivision of a research, and is , typically, carried out by means of questionnaires, group discussions, interviews, random sampling, …show more content…

This research mainly aims at answering ‘why and how’. This type of research is generally used by doctors and psychologists.

According to Mitchell & Jolley, 2012., In a descriptive research, a phenomena taken, is illustrated in such a detail, so as to fill in any missing parts , leading to expansion and better understanding of the topic .
Probability vs Non-Probability sampling method
Since most data assembling methods involve a choice of experimental subject. This choice can be through use of probability-based methods, where the selection is done by some "mechanical” procedure, involving lists of random numbers, or the equivalent. This class of sampling is known as probability sampling method Alternatively, the choice may be made by other methods, invoking some elements of judgment. Methods involving judgment are referred to as non-probability selection.
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Simple random sampling
Simple random sampling is the fundamental sampling technique where a group of subjects, are being selected, from a larger group , known a population. Each individual is elected entirely by chance and each member of the population has an equivalent chance at being selected. This method works finest for a relatively homogenous

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What outcomes will be analyzed and how they will be analyzed? Although the veterans are asked their full name and last four of their social security, the scanning provides the added comfort of providing the security or safety for everyone involved. The outcome of this research will show data that will be analyzed pre and post implementation of the BMCA system, which the approach is to show a significant change in the medication error rate. The outcome will be based on pre and post implementation of the barcode medication system by measuring the medication error rate.

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The study should have more than one source of information, for instance interviewing and observation. Descriptive phenomenology describes what is happening in the human experience,

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Discuss the methodological and ethical issues which are apparent in this study. How have the findings impacted the psychological field? One methodological issue with the Bain et al refrigerator study is that type of experiment used. Having used a laboratory experiment, all variables were under strict control and this does not reflect the true nature of the situation the children were placed in. Children trapped inside a refrigerator would not escape by pressing a panel on the floor, thus the experiment has features which do not reflect an accurate representation of a real life situation (Bain et al, 1958).

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Positivism helps discover and accept the science over theology. Also, faith that the scientific method could provide the source of knowledge and the solutions to society’s problem. For the novel My Lobotomy by Howard Dully, it shows a perfect example how these scientists started to study humans like nature. When it comes to understanding

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One aspect of public health research method that I learned is that measurement is central to quantitative research because it provides the fundamental connection between empirical observation and mathematical expression of quantitative relationships. I also learned that the goals and techniques associated with probability samples differ from those of nonprobability samples. If we want to get results that are valid for the whole study population, we should know how to draw a sample in such a way that it is representative of that population. But it is not necessarily that nonprobability samples are not representative of the population. It means that nonprobability samples cannot depend upon the rationale of probability

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• The accuracy of the information reported within the reports being used in the research study. • Recalling the incident for the victim can be very uncomfortable and upsetting. • There can also be limitations of some ethical obstacles for example if some cases are still open cases, information may not be able to be discussed. • With the survey sampling method, putting together a survey limits one from asking questions that normally may have been encountered in a one on one

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The literature review gives justified information for the need of conducting the research. Apart from the introduction, there is no other information concerning the research title that could offer detailed information (Chaliha et a., 2001). Despite giving the justified information in the introduction section the paper should have had the literature review section, thus it did not follow the due steps and format of a research paper. The methodology part follows after the introduction and it discloses the methods used, the design, the people included in the study and how the data was sampled and examined. However, the reasons for choosing the design in the research were not

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Introduction Psychological research and its findings have profound impact on people, relationships, and institutions in our society (Willig, 2013). However, as any other study, psychological researchers are faced with enormous limitations including inappropriate designs or methodologies due inadequacy of professionals (Wang, et al., 2015), geographical differences that impacts on generalizations (Smith, 2015), and time pressure that negatively affects the quality of a research (Punch, et al., 2014). Language barrier and lack of literature or poorly done review are other factors that affect psychological research (Willig, 2013). Limitations Limited number of professionals in the psychological research is one of the key limitations to this field of study. Psychological research depends on observations, experimentation, and evidence, hence the need for critical methodological designs (Shipman, 2014).

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Non-probability Sampling Method: Sampling method that require the conductor to choose a subset of population they are interested in researching. This can be seen from the simulation Ramada did, during the “Grand Hotel Opening” they asked their employees, this includes staffs and management, some people from headquarters and the property owners. These are the people they are interested in and they are the people that Ramada wants to do research on. This sampling method is appropriate because it focuses on the population the researches interested in studying. It is more necessary rather than conducting the research on the customer, they instead focus on their own management to improve their inside quality.

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When Bryman describes ontology view, he introduces the objectivism and constructivism as two antithetical dimensions. (p22) However, Saunders 2009 p.119 advocates that positivism can be understood through both ontology and epistemology views. It raises the confusion whether positivism should belong to ontology view and be connected to objectivism like what Bryman said, or positivism should not be tied to objectivism and can also be comprehended through epistemology view like what Saunders proposed. In 2014, Hanson stated that the root of positivism could be constructive instead of being tied only to objectivism.

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4.0 An Explanation of Realism, Liberalism, Constructivism and Post-Structuralism. 4.1 Realism Realism or political realism prioritizes national interests and security concerns in addition to moral ideology and social reconstruction. The term is often associated with political power. The term is often associated with political power. Realism believes that the state is the main actor of the most important in determining the direction of a country.

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3. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH THEORY 3.1 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH Qualitative research is a form of research in which the researcher collects and interprets data, meaning the researcher is as important in the research process as the participants and the data they provide. Reason and Rowan (2004) have argued that the core element of a qualitative research approach is to connect meanings to the experiences of respondents and their lives. According to Clissett (2008) qualitative research involves a variety of research methods that can be used to explore human experience, perceptions, motivations and behaviours. Qualitative research is characterised by collection and analysis of words in the form of speech or writing.

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Is idea of realism was also related to metaphysics. This theory was that there are objects that exist separate to the world that the person perceives. His understanding was that every thing had a natural purpose (matter) and a goal that it’s striving to (form). In the case of law, Justice (the form) is used to transform laws (matter) into their real purpose to achieve justice. He distinguished between natural justice (the form) and conventional justice (human laws – the matter).

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Positivism can be understood as the idea that the methods of the natural sciences should be used to study human and social matters. In this essay I will be explaining how positivism gave substance to the idea whilst paying particular attention to the role of induction and deduction. Positivism has had some influence in Education and the essay will attempt to outline and critically discuss some of these influences. The knowledge that we acquire is from observations with the aid of our senses.

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Just as Naturalism comes on the Educational scene as a protest against systems of education that have become artificial. Realism appears to be a reaction against curricula consisting of studies that have become bookish, sophisticated and a abstruse. As we have a slogan in Naturalism- ‘ Back to Nature ‘ – in Realism we have a slogan-‘ Things rather than words ‘. Idealism deals with ‘mind and Self ,’ Naturalism emphasizes ‘Matter and Physical world’, and pragmatism ‘Refuses to speculate and transcend beyond experience ‘. And according to Realism the external world of objects is not imaginary.

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