Post-Concussion Syndrome (PCS) and Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE) are considered neurological disorders, which produce long-term concussive effects. While each can have similar symptoms, it is important to note their differences. PCS is a form of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and can be the result of one or multiple concussions (Citation). CTE is caused, not only by multiple concussions, but also by sub-concussive impacts to the brain, where the brain is jolted repeatedly, but not enough to cause concussion (Citation). Moreover, CTE may be the result over time (Citation).

Closed head injury is the leading cause of long-term cognitive impairment of athletes, particularly those who participate in contact sports; such as soccer (citation).