According to strict anthropocentric and humanist views, the environment including all resources and species contained therein, are only valuable based on human use and consumption. This can include basic human needs and nonbasic/luxury needs (Boylan, 2013).

Species value is largely determined by cultural influence or consensus. In 1902, President Theodore Roosevelt was up in Mississippi for some black bear hunting. When the hounds cornered a black bear, Roosevelt’s hunting guide knocked the bear unconscious, tied it to a tree, and then called Roosevelt to come shoot it. Roosevelt couldn’t bring himself to do it and chose to spare the bear’s life, prompting a shift in consciousness regarding compassion towards animals and resulted in the creation