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Race-Of-Litigant Separation: Case Study

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for a dull respondent than for a white prosecutor in a practically identical case. A study in California found that the people who killed whites were general 3 times more slanted to be sentenced to death than the people who killed blacks and more than 4 times more likely than the people who killed Latinos. Looks at exhibit that 96% of states where there

have been surveys of race and capital punishment, there was an example of either race-of-casualty or race-of-litigant separation, or both. A respondent was a few times more prone to be sentenced to death if the homicide casualty was white. A January 2003 study discharged by the University of Maryland presumed that race and geology are central point in capital punishment choices. Prosecutors
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African American males has a six times greater chance than the general population and eight times greater chance than white males in becoming a murder victim. Chapter 18 focuses on crime and

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Tragically, the times of racial predisposition in capital punishment are not a remainder

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Name: Instructor: Course: Date: Criminal Justice Stevenson through his book has provided various examples that show that people of color and low-income individuals are more likely to be presumed fully prior to presenting their cases. The author has stated that executions are a good example of how norms and policies are used for the purposes of punishing and controlling the people of color For instance, he argues that one in three black people are expected to be sent to jail in their lifetime. Further on, eighty percent of people on death row are black while 65 percent of homicide victims are black.

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However, Justice Brennan argued that “although studies indicate that while the higher rate of execution among Negroes is partially due to a higher rate of crime, there is

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Secondary Annotated Bibliography Brewer, Thomas W. "Race and Jurors' Receptivity to Mitigation in Capital Cases: The Effect of Jurors', Defendants', and Victims' Race in Combination. " Law and Human Behavior 28, no. 5 (2004): 529-45. The article begins by explaining the importance of Furman v. Gerogia (1972). Furman v. Gerogia (1972) was a Supreme Court case that decided that death sentences were being handed down in an arbitrary and standard less manner.

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At the trials the lawyers that they got to have

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Destroying the Civil Rights Rodney King and Oscar Grant cases both have racial injustice. Rodney king was in a high speed chase, he was caught; therefore, the officers pulled him out of the car and beat him. A couple of police Officers were detaining Oscar Grant then another officer shot him in the back. The beating and shooting of people, because of racial issues can and will defeat the purpose of civil rights.

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This report is helpful because it highlights how race is influenced on the death penalty. It will help me see if the death penalty is racially neutral. Coker, D. (2003). Addressing the real world of racial injustice in the criminal justice system. The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology.

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Another issue that was discussed is the inequality of death penalty in practice. There have been serious issues with racial discrimination. For reference in cases with white victims and black defendants convictions occurred twenty two percent of the time while with black victims and white defendants with percentage dropped to a measly three

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It was also found that in states where there are stand your ground laws, a white person was more likely to be exonerated for a killing than in states that did not have these laws. While the evidence is indicative of racial bias, there are still many other factors that can affect the outcomes of stand your ground cases. The data does not consider the location of the killing, nor does it consider the socioeconomic issues of the area. Stand your ground allows for broad interpretation depending on the circumstances surrounding the case, as well as the interpretation of many

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Crime and Punishment have been the main symbols of the existing racial disparities in the United States for a long time now. In the earlier days, the criminal justice systems mostly entailed executions, prosecutorial and judicial prejudice, and chain-gang style penal practices. The judicial systems saw the minority groups being tried in all white court rooms by all-white juries. The highest number of offenders consisted of individuals from the black communities who were subjected to harsh punishments. Blacks who victimized the whites faced harsh and racially discriminative sentences.

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The killing of a young African American Michael Brown by white police officer Daren Wilson in Ferguson, Missouri on August 9, 2014 shed a light on something that had long been ignored by the white population of the USA, the obvious inequality between black and white individuals in the criminal justice system. This racial bias is no longer based on explicit racism which was outlawed by the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s, instead it is influenced by implicit racial bias present in all aspects of the criminal justice system resulting in implicit assumptions that lead to quick and prejudice judgments based on negative stereotypes by the actors of the criminal justice system especially law enforcements which lead the uneven usage of “stop and

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It sad to see that more than half of the young men in our American cities are under the control of the criminal justice system. Where’s the justice when our system automatically demotes them to a permanent second-class status, and challenges their chances of happiness and freedom. When minorities from the justice system are released, they are harshly discriminated against. This discrimination does nothing but regenerates a cycle of imprisonment. With the world at their backs, the result usually ends up with repeated behaviors that places them back into the system.

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Michael White, the author of Examining the Impact Of External Influences on Police Use Of Deadly Force Over Time, states in relation to the issue that police use of deadly force has been the primary focus of research over the past 40 years that has been examining different major determinates of police behavior with shootings (White, 2003, p. 50). This causes a controversial issue for many. In the research conducted in by Cullen and his coworkers, Hacker (1992) claims that “America remains two nations, Black and White, separate, hostile, unequal." (Cullen, 1996). Police are then put into situations where a White officer is against a Black man or vice versa.

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A study by the California Judicial Council Advisory Committee on Racial and Ethnic Bias in the Courts found that the justice system gives little attention or resources to investigating crimes against minorities and that minority defendants receive harsh treatment compared to white defendants in similar circumstances. The study also found that black-on-black crime or Latino-on-Latino crime is not taken as seriously as crimes against whites. Judges seem to believe that violence is more "acceptable" to black women because they are viewed as coming from violent communities. Minorities were judged by white, middle-class values in family law matters, and were the victims of racial and cultural stereotypes, which affects the courts '

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