Crayfish are decapods pertaining to the phylum arthropoda, which are invertebrates and contain an open-circulatory system.1 The system works by the hemolymph getting re-oxygenated in the gills before being transporting to the heart by brachio-cardiac veins and then pumped to sinuses that bathe tissues with oxygenated hemolymph.2 The crayfish contain a neurogenic heart that depends on neuronal input from cardiac ganglion.3 The neurogenic heart requires nerve impulses to produce contractions in contrast to a myogenic heart that can contract independently from the nervous system.3 The crayfish heart will beat due to the reaction of the ganglion to stimuli in the environment.4 Stimuli will affect the autonomic nervous system in the crayfish that control involuntary actions such as the heart rhythm.4 Neurotransmitters are the chemical signals in which the nervous system regulates both heart rate and contraction.3The autonomic nervous system breaks into two categories as parasympathetic system that is involved in relaxation of organs and the sympathetic system that will stimulate increased activity. Neurotransmitters can either increase or decrease heart rate by altering the patterns in neural activity of the heart.4 Crayfish are poikilotherms, which means they cannot metabolically thermoregulate thus conform to the ambient temperature in the water.
As water moves through the gills oxygen gas is picked up and taken in by the blood vessels. The water is moved upward, forward, and out of the crayfish through the mouth. With the current of the blood, the oxygen is taken towards the tail and up towards the heart. By the time the oxygen gas has reached the heart most of it has become poorly oxygenated. The heart continues pumping ad when passed by the green glands any material not needed is excreted.
My 8th grade class went to the Conodoguinet creek to test if there was any pollution in the creek water. Before we went my hypothesis was, “If we go to the Conodoguinet creek and test the water, then the creek will have little to any pollution in it because we haven’t had a monstrous storm in the past few months so there wouldn’t be an excessive amount of acid rainfall or runoff” There are three types of macroinvertebrates ( an invertebrate fauna - animal of a particular region - that can be captured by a soo - which is a certain net or sieve - ) that we were looking for, Group 1 ( which is pollution sensitive - they cannot have any pollution- ), Group 2 ( which is somewhat pollution tolerant - they can live with some pollution-) and Group
In addition, when crayfish were acclimated to 30°C, at least two unique acidic protein bands with isoelectric points (pI) ranging from approximately 4.6 to 4.8 were expressed (Powell and Watts 2006). Threrefore, the adding of acidic protein must have played an essential role in increasing the ability of hemocyanin to bind oxygen. Alteration in gene expression usually took days to happen, therefore crayfish that were acclimated to 20°C would be fine to acutely exposed to 10°C, because
Materials and Methods: To gather the needed data on the crayfish, samples were collected at Pearson’s Creek, a little outside Springfield. The spring was right off the road and located directly next to a little over pass. Sampling occurred early morning 0830-0930 on a cloudy day. The weather was a typical mild late summer morning with a rain shower that had passed through the evening before. Two sampling areas that were 10-meters long and the width of the stream were marked off using flags and sticking them in the rocks of the shallow area of the creek.
The lactic acid system manufactures ATP from the breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid. ATP consists of one Adenosine molecule and three Phosphate groups.
The glucose will be used in cellular respiration for energy and some of the oxygen will exit the plant through the stomata to provide the world with air to breath (Simms, 2017). Cellular respiration is the next step which is a light independent reaction which takes the glucose and some oxygen from photosynthesis and produces CO2 and H2O. The balance of
Also cellular respiration is an aerobic reaction meaning it require oxygen to take place and releases a CO2 by product. In the experiment aged water was used as the control. The CO2 and O2 levels were tested and used as the base level coming in at 7.6ppm for O2 in Table 1 and 12.3 ppm for CO2 in Table 2. Three variables were set up with controls.
Before conducting this experiment, it is critical to understand what cellular respiration is and what it does. Cellular respiration is a process that turns sugars, like glucose, into the energy that we call ATP. ATP is the energy used in our body to complete other processes like polymer synthesis and muscle contraction. This process occurs in the cells of an organism. During the procedure, oxygen is taken in, glucose is broken down, CO2 is released, and ATP and H2O are produced.
The Calcium Fallacy “Humans are creatures of habit and of predictable emotions - that preside over logic,” writes Robert R. Barefoot in Death by Diet. He refers to the fact that we human beings, even intelligent, scientific-minded ones, tend to stick to the status quo, even when it’s not valid and makes no sense. Hence, when new information threatens his/her previously held convictions, the average scientist (being human) can use all kinds of fallacious reasoning to controvert new information - especially if his/her livelihood is at stake. The history of the science that precedes medicine is always centuries behind where it ought to be, because it takes centuries for new information to be accepted by the established orthodoxy, and, right now, we’re in the midst of an emerging new paradigm and the passing of an old one, which makes it hard to know who and what to trust.
Two ATP molecules transfer energy to the glucose energy forming a 6 carbon sugar diphosphate, as it splits into a 2, 3 carbon molecules are converted to pyruvate which forms ATP. In the process of this action, a net of 2 molecules of atp, 2 molecules of pyruvate, and 2 electron carrying molecules oh NADH are produce, Although when oxygen is present, pyruvate and NADH enter the mitochondria when yields the next stage of cellular respiration.
This carbonic acid is highly reactive and dissociates into H+ ions and HCO3− ions. This reaction is continuous and fast allowing for a constant flow of carbon dioxide from tissues to the bloodstream. The free H+ ions bind to haemoglobin and the HCO3- binds to the RBC’s via the chloride shift process. When the blood reaches the lungs the process is reversed and the HCO3- ion is released from the red blood cells and the H+ ion is also released from the haemoglobin. These two free ions bind together forming a carbonic acid intermediate that reacts further with carbonic anhydrase converting it back into a gas.
Then, tests are performed to determine if the products of aerobic and anaerobic respiration are present in the flasks. The citric acid cycle consists of a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to release stored energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in the form of ATP (Biology). The tests detect the presence of carbon dioxide and ethanol. Carbon dioxide should be present irrespective of the type of respiration taking place, but ethanol is present only if fermentation has occurred. Another factor that can indicate whether fermentation occurred or cellular respiration occurred is the amount of glucose utilized during incubation.
Cellular Respiration One of the main essentials of life that all organisms need in order to function in our world is, energy. We receive that energy from the food that we eat. Cellular respiration is the most efficient way for a cell to receive the energy stored in food. In cellular respiration, a catabolic pathway, which breaks down the molecules into smaller units, in order to produce adenosine triphosphate, also known as, ATP. ATP, is used by cells in the act of regular cellular operations, it is a “high energy” molecule.
Ever since the industrial revolution commenced, around one third of the carbon dioxide released by human interference has been absorbed by the ocean, which is one of the reasons of the drastic change in climate as well. Without the ocean absorbing carbon dioxide, the carbon dioxide n the atmosphere would be drastically higher, with possibly increasing the levels of climate change. The point of the research is to see how will the pH affect the organisms in the marine ecosystem and does carbonation affect an organism’s mass and form. Many organisms that are part of the marine food chain are going to be affected by ocean acidification due the levels of acidity deteriorating the calcium carbonate within the animal. It turns out
