• Naturalism - (more specifically, Romantic Naturalism) is the view that nature in general and humans in particular are inherently good. This view is primarily opposed to philosophies and religions which insist that nature is something evil to be conquered and that human nature is prone to evil. o Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s Émile
In philosophy, naturalism is the "idea or belief that only natural (as opposed to supernatural or spiritual) laws and forces operate in the world." Adherents of naturalism (i.e., naturalists) assert that natural laws are the rules that govern the structure and behavior of the natural universe, that the changing universe at every stage is a product of these laws.

• Existentialism: a theory that holds that human existence is not exhaustively describable in either scientific or idealistic terms; it emphasizes an analysis of critical situations in human life, e.g., anxiety, suffering, and guilt, in order to show the need for making decisive choices in an uncertain, contingent, and apparently purposeless world.

o Existentialism: Søren Kierkegaard and Friedrich Nietzsche
Existentialism is a term applied to the work of certain late-19th- and 20th-century European philosophers who, despite profound doctrinal differences, shared the belief that philosophical thinking begins with the human subject—not merely the thinking subject, but the acting, feeling, living human individual. While the predominant value of existentialist thought is commonly