ipl-logo

SIRT4 Research Paper

682 Words3 Pages

Sirtuins (Sir2 proteins) are proteins that exhibit mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase, deacetylase, deacetylase, desuccinylase, demalonylase, demyristoylase, or depalmitoylase activity. They are involved in a broad range of cellular processes which include DNA repair, gene silencing, tumor suppression, life span regulation, apoptosis, inflammation, and stress resistance (low energy/calorie situations). (Michan, 2007) Mammals possess seven cellular regulatory sirtuins (SIRT1-7). SIRT1 partakes in metabolism inflammation in the nucleus and cytoplasm. SIRT2 partakes in cell cycle and tumorigenesis in the cytoplasm. SIRT3 partakes in metabolism in the nucleus and mitochondria. SIRT4 partakes in insulin secretion in the mitochondria. SIRT5 partakes in …show more content…

Typically, cells opt for aerobic respiration of glucose because of higher ATP yield and will only perform anaerobic respiration under conditions of low nutrient availability or high stress (hypoxia). In SIRT6 deficient cells, lactate glycolysis persists, indicating that the cell switches from growth mode to survival mode; there is an increase in glucose uptake and lactate production and decrease in oxygen consumption and ATP production. (Zhong, Mostoslavsky 2010) SIRT6 deficiency promotes pyruvate conversion to lactate and blocks mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation …show more content…

In the presence of SIRT6, expression of lactate dehydrogenase, triose phosphate isomerase (Tpi), aldolase, Glut1, phosphofructokinase-1 (Pfk-1), and Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Kinase genes (Pdk1 and Pdk4) is silenced. SIRT6 also interacts with Hypoxia Inducible Transcription factor 1a (Hif1a), another important glycolytic regulator and key mediator in cell adaptation to stress. Hif1a modulates multiple genes to activate glycolysis and repress mitochondrial respiration. (Zhong, D'Urso, et all, 2010) Under conditions of normal glucose availability, SIRT6 functions as a repressor of Hif1a, diverting pyruvate towards the citric acid cycle for efficient ATP production. SIRT6 binds to Hif1a, follows it to its target genes where it deacetylates gene promoters, and represses expression. To sum it up, SIRT6 influences glucose metabolism because when SIRT6 is present, the cell undergoes aerobic respiration in the mitochondria because Hif1a, a glycolysis activator and mitochondrial respiration repressor, is repressed and glycolytic genes blocking mitochondrial respiration are silenced. When there is an SIRT6 deficiency, the opposite occurs; there is increased glycolysis and diminished mitochondrial

Show More
Related

Psy 6510 Final Exam

1540 Words | 7 Pages

Inhibition of DPP-4 prevents breakdown of GLP-1and GIP and allows for an extended stimulation of insulin secretion, along with inhibition of glucagon secretion. This drives overall blood glucose towards a normal value. IUPAC name: (3R)-3-amino-1-[3-(trifluoromethyl)-6,8-dihydro-5H- [1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyrazin-7-yl]-4-(2,4,5-trifluorophenyl)butan-1-one;phosphoric

Read More

SOCS Structure

465 Words | 2 Pages

SOCS structure consists of a central Src homology 2 domain (SH2), an amino end terminal which is variable and a conserved carboxyl terminal domain known as the SOCS box1,26,60. SOCS 1 and 3 also have a kinase inhibitory domain (KIR) located adjacent to the SH2 domain which is used to inhibit JAKs62,66. SOCS regulate JAK/STAT pathway in three ways. The first method is that SOCS associate with phosphorylated tyrosine residues on JAKs to prevent JAKs phosphorylating the cytokine receptor which allows STATs to bind so JAKs can phosphorylate and activated them. SOCS bind to the JAKs via their KIR domain1,58.

Read More

Amp Catabolism Lab Report

1975 Words | 8 Pages

Question 2 - Inosine in AMP catabolism  Introduction Adenosine monophosphate (from now on referred to as AMP) is the lowest energy-containing nucleotide found in living organisms. In its degradation process (Figure 1), several enzymes and intermediates are required, playing important roles that regulate the correct functioning of the overall process. An alteration in any of those participants can cause severe consequences, such as immunosuppression. Inosine is one of those previously mentioned intermediates, formed in the first step of the AMP catabolism by the action of an enzyme known as adenosine deaminase (1). 

Read More

To What Extent Does Glucose 6-Phosphate Dehydrogenrase

218 Words | 1 Pages

Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase is the first enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway. The pentose phosphate pathway is the major pathway cells use to generate NADPH, an important co-enzyme involved in oxidation/reduction reactions. One consequence of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency is the premature death of red blood cells. This is because the lack of the enzyme leads to insufficient production of NADPH, which is needed to reduce glutathione, an antioxidant that helps protect red blood cells from oxidative stress by eliminating reactive oxygen species. Without glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, reactive oxygen species accumulate which leads to the formation of aggregates of cross-linked hemoglobin and premature death in red

Read More

Liver Disease Case Studies

2101 Words | 9 Pages

Oxidative stress and membrane damage in hepatocytes are mainly caused

Read More

Potential Epigenetic Essay

751 Words | 4 Pages

Similar to protein-coding genes, ncRNAs have to be tightly regulated to protect the integrity of a normal cell. There are two main groups of ncRNAs- short ncRNAs that are 200 nts. The short ncRNAs are further broken down into three major classes: miRNA, short-interfering RNA (siRNA), and piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA). As mentioned previously, abundantly expressed miRNA are approximately 21-23 nts in length and arise from coding and non-coding genomic regions.

Read More

Metabolic Syndrome Research Paper

552 Words | 3 Pages

Insulin resistance is not considered disease as such, but a state or condition in which a bodies tissues have a lowered level of response to insulin. As a result, the body produces larger quantities of insulin to maintain normal levels of glucose in the blood.(22) Now insulin resistance is thought to play a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of both simple fatty liver and NASH. The understanding of the intracellular mechanisms associated with insulin resistance is being unravelled and there are several reviews written on this subject. (45)

Read More

Type 1 Diabetes Essay

589 Words | 3 Pages

Synthesis of glucose takes place in the liver and it is then transferred to the blood to be supplied to all parts of the body for fueling cellular processes. For using glucose as a fuel, insulin is needed for getting the glucose into the cells (Eiselein & Schwartz). The specialized cells in the pancreas make insulin which is a hormone responsible for regulating blood glucose. It stimulates the removal of glucose from the blood and assists in storing it in liver, muscle and fat cells as energy. Often enough insulin is not made by the body or the cells stop responding to insulin.

Read More

Neerium Oleander Research Paper

1061 Words | 5 Pages

Ursolic acid increases the enzymes, superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase, glutathione s-transferase, and glutathione peroxidase and actual glutathione levels in the body substantially. This can reverse disrupted oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) in the mitochondria. Disruption of ATP causes cells to revert to enzymatic ATP production through aerobic glycolysis in the cytoplasm, a process that can convert normal cells into cancer cells. Therefore, it’s an increase in enzymes and glutathione that helps to reverse the disrupted ATP production process to normal.

Read More

Eukaryotic Cells

557 Words | 3 Pages

Eukaryotic cells contain a number of organelles that are essential for cell function. Peroxisomes are extremely important function and in multicellular organisms like humans, defects in the peroxisomes can lead to severe disorders like Zellweger syndrome which emphasizes their importance for the functions of both the cells and the organisms (Faust et al., 2014). In mammals, specifically humans, peroxisomes are responsible for a variety of functions, that essential for the functioning of organs, tissues and systems, like fatty acid beta-oxidation and amino acid catabolism (Wander & Waterham, 2006). First of all, peroxisomes are responsible for fatty acid beta-oxidation. Beta-oxidation is the metabolic process in which fatty acids are converted to acetyl-CoA, acyl-CoA, and NADH (Schulz, 1991).

Read More

Lycopene Lab Report

2397 Words | 10 Pages

Due to free radicals attack biological molecules such as lipids, proteins, and DNA, the oxidative stress has been defined as dangerous. On the contrary, oxidative stress also has a functional role in regulation of intracellular signal transduction and in physiologic adaptation. Thus, the suitable definition for oxidative tension may be as “a state where oxidative force exceeds the antioxidant systems due to loss of the balance between them” T. YOSHIKAWA and Y. NAITO. The generated excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to unrestrained oxidation leads.

Read More

Hypothyroidism Research Paper

830 Words | 4 Pages

This leads to lipid peroxidation and oxidative DNA loss but can interfere with physiology and intracellular signal transduction. The resulting change in intracellular redox status leads to the activation of protein kinase, for example, tyrosine kinase, protein kinase c, and the mario-activated protein kinase cascade leading to modified cellular functions. Oxidative stress compounds hypothyroidism. Hypothyroidism is a state that increases the oxidative stress. In this study, the biomarker is high in MDA level therapy-innocent primary hypothyroid patients.

Read More

Legumes Research Paper

1404 Words | 6 Pages

The mechanisms responsible for this apparently protective role may include gene-nutrient interactions and modulation of proteins’ expression

Read More

Essay On Nucleolus

2136 Words | 9 Pages

The functions mainly for the nucleolus are RNA-related, and it was also detected the ability of RNA processing and assembly f ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) Another role of the nucleolus is the ability to maturate, assemble and export RNP particles as signal recognition particle, telomerase RNPs and processing of precursor transfer RNAs and U6 small nuclear RNAs. [4] An additional role in the regulation of the cell cycle was observed, where it manages the stress responses, telomerase activity, and aging.

Read More

Aging And Diabetes Research Paper

787 Words | 4 Pages

We have demonstrated in rodent models that older rodents are unable to increase insulin secretion in proportion to the increased demands imposed by insulin resistance [9], thus contributing to impaired glucose tolerance. Similarly, studies in humans have demonstrated a secretory defect that is consistently observed even after controlling for insulin action. Many factors contribute to the decrease in insulin secretion in aging, including the age-associated loss of Sirt1-mediated GSIS [11], decreased β-cell sensitivity to circulating incretins [10], age-associated decrease in mitochondrial function, as well as increased oxidative stress [12]. In this section of

Read More

More about SIRT4 Research Paper

Open Document