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A Review Of Sex And Moodality Effect In Divided Attention Task

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DEPARTMENT OF PSYCHOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF GHANA LEGON PSYC 449: PRACTICALS IN COGNITION 2016/2017. ID Number: 10418127 TITLE OF STUDY: Sex and modality effects in divided attention task Instructor: Dr. B. Amponsah Title: Sex and modality effect in divided attention task ABSTRACT There have been several experiments conducted with regard to the divided attention task. This experiment was conducted in similar fashion as the others with a sample of 180 participants selected randomly from a population of level 400 psychology students of Legon campus and City campus. The design was an Independent group experimental design (between-subject) with 3 independent randomized groups performing 3 different tasks. At the end of the data analysis it was …show more content…

Anderson (2004) said that, “attention is the allocation of limited processing resources”. Most psychologist talk of the philosopher Nicolas Malebranche to be the first to discuss attention in his work “The search after truth”. Fields of psychology such as cognitive and neuropsychology continue to do more research on attention trying to fully understand the process. According Matlin (2013) attention can be shifted, selective and divided which helps in multitasking but she noted that people tend to make mistakes or perform slower when they try to multitask. Divided attention is the phenomenon responsible for multitasking. In a scenario such as trying to text whiles driving, attention is divided in order for the person to perform both task simultaneously. This research investigated divided attention along different modalities and also examine if there are difference among genders when it comes to divided …show more content…

According to Pashler (1994) the most common theories about dual-task situations are the bottleneck, capacity sharing and cross talk theories. There are two categories of the bottleneck model which are the early selection model and the late selection model. The Broadbent filter theory is one of the bottleneck theories. According to Friedenburg and Silverman (2012), Broadbent used the split-scan experiment to explain his paradigm that information that is unattended to will be blocked completely. Broadbent’s filter theory basically explains that there is limited capacity for attention therefore a selective filter is needed to select the needed sensory stimuli based on physical characteristics such as pitch and tone to making focusing possible. Broadbent also used the dichotic listening test to explain his paradigm. This is where participants were made to shadow a message being played to them in one ear while a different message was being played in the other ear and most of them could not tell the content of the message played in that ear (Moray, 1995). Triesman did further research and propounded the attenuation theory which had a better explanation compared to Broadbent’s “all or none” understanding. According to Triesman (1969) there is an attenuator instead of a filter that reduces the volume of the unattended information which makes it possible for people to attend to stimuli

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An example is being on the phone with someone and trying to email at the same time. He say that you lose concentration and the person on the other end of the phone with be able to tell. Hallowell quotes, “You cannot divide your attention like that. It’s a big illusion. You can shift back forth” (Tugend 715).

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The ability to divide our attention during cognitively demanding tasks and the allure of technology creates a delicate balancing act that can at times have grave consequences. On September 22, 2006 in Utah, Reggie Shaw placed the fates of James Furfaro and Keith O’Dell, as well as his own upon this deadly scale. Tragically, the lives of James and Keith were lost, and Reggie Shaw’s future would be forever altered by the events and decisions of that day (Richtel 16). In this modern age of technological marvels our attention is vied for in a constant conflict. Frequently in our lives or particularly in our jobs we are called upon to execute mentally demanding and at times dangerous tasks.

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Is technology changing our brains for the better or for the worse? The human brain is a biological masterpiece and is the most advanced organ on the face of the planet. In Richard Restak’s essay “Attention Deficit: The Brain Syndrome of Our Era,” he speaks about how the advancements in technology in this modern era have affected the brain’s habits and functions. Multitasking is requiring the brain to change how it functions, its organizations, and efficiency throughout day-to-day tasks and is also enabling people to do things otherwise not possible. Within the past two decades, the amount of time we spend on using technology has increased by a large amount.

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Informational Processing, from lesson 3.04 talks about 3 different types of processing. They are called, Visual, Acoustic, and Semantic. With visual processing, you processing things such as pictures or visual memories whilst learning. An example of this in my own life would be when I see pictures in a textbook, I process them as key points so that if a test had that picture on it, I’d remember that picture and know what it’s about or what information it 's towards regarding the test. The second one, Acoustic processing, this is processing with sound.

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Three of the high risk behaviors account for texting and driving including “eyes off of the road, at least one hand off the wheel, and mind off the driving situation” (Hollister, 2013). The three actions a person partakes in while texting and driving fall into the three major categories the Center for Disease Control established. Once people begin texting and driving, they no longer pay attention to their driving and only their phone or tablet. Distracted driving takes away the reaction time of a driver from avoiding a crash. Comprehending danger while driving takes multiple seconds.

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In her article, “The Myth of Multitasking”, Christine Rosen looks for answers for the truth of multitasking. She discusses the effects multitasking has in the modern day society and then states that having a multitasking lifestyle can have setbacks. Rosen supports her claim by having strong references in her article to prove that multitasking is dangerous all around. Rosen goes into detail on how it becomes a challenge to stay focused on one thing at a time. Rosen then ends her article by directly stating the problem of multitasking and now in today’s time, it is a true struggle to just pay attention to one thing for a long period of time.

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The locutionary meaning is the alleged witchcraft used on Desdemona; the illocutionary force is vouching done by Brabantio because in saying this accusation, Othello must be guilty of witchcraft and therefore should face punishment. A perlocutionary effect may be that by vouching this accusation, he either has or has not convinced the Duke and fellow senators of the bewitchment committed on his daughter Desdemona. Brabantio’s illocutionary force does not have the desired perlocutionary effect, which would be Othello’s conviction. Instead the Duke denies Brabantio’s words as proof, and according to J.L. Austin, this infelicitous response results in a violation of condition A1 of the performativity statutes (para. 6 Lecture II).

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Multitasking makes it difficult to gain any knowledge when a person's attention is in multiple places.  Christine has a strong inductive argument that explains

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Attention has always been a prized commodity. The brain knows it and cognitive psychologists know it, but the average person has yet to fully grasp the concept. Articles on how to multi-task still flag the covers of popular magazines, and distracting cell phones and tablets accompany students to class on the forefront of their desks next their notes. It has been verified time and time again that the mind simply cannot attend to two things simultaneously; one can pay attention to one thing or another, but not to two things at once. People know that neutralizing distractions will yield invaluable minutes of clarity and focus, but for most, the application of such, is nearly impossible.

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On the other hand, texting and driving steals away your focus on the road and surroundings. Although you 're brain is not impaired, do to the fact that you have allowed your focus to gear else where, the reaction time will be less effective and sometimes there might not be room for any reaction

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Multitasking is when a person tries to do more than one task at the same time. Marc E. Weksler, from Geriatric Medicine and Babette B. Weksler, from the Department of Medicine at Weill Cornell Medical Center, state that people who multitask lower the quality on how they perform a task (386). So when a person is multitasking and driving the chances of them

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“The world is a dangerous place, not because of those who do evil, but because of those who look on and do nothing”. A prophetic quote from Albert Einstein that truly reflects the vices of our nature. Our foolish tendencies to be distracted with trivialities whilst our society is being crippled from the behind is evident through the conventions of satire. This is because satire exposes the flaw within this mindset, we as complacent members of society are willing to accept. This flawed mindset can be especially conveyed through Clay Butler’s cartoon “Criminal Wisdom”.

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Selective attention is the procedure of concentrating on a specific item in a setting for a long period of time. Attention is a restricted source; therefore, selective attention permits people to not take notice of insignificant details and concentrate on the main material that matters. Theories of selective attention incline to emphasise on when stimulus information is attended to, either early in the procedure or late. Donald Broadbent 's filter model was one of the earliest theories of attention. Broadbent (1958) realised that information from all stimuluses entered a sensory buffer no matter what time.

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Owing to lack of concentration, sometimes people cannot listen well. Concentration is a result of motivation, self -discipline and willingness to learn. If these qualities are present in a person, nothing can divert his attention. This will increase his potentiality for learning through

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