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Socioeconomic Inequality In Literature Review

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In western countries, an unprecedented economic growth occurred during the last century: society becomes richer, healthier and more equal. Nonetheless, socioeconomic inequality in health does not disappeared: rich continue to live longer, healthier and better than the poor, and these differences wider over time (Hernandez-Quevedo, Jones, Lopez-Nicolas, & Rice, 2006). Socioeconomic inequalities in health rely on the mechanisms that sort the social stratification of a society. Therefore, welfare state as an institutionalized system of solidarity that redistribute life chances and risks, and as a system of social stratification, plays a crucial role in the persistence of these inequalities in health. In this work the framework of the welfare …show more content…

A ‘political epidemiology’ is grown, focusing more and more on the role of the welfare state (Bambra, 2007). Some authors argue that more redistributive welfare state perform better and generates healthier society (Navarro et al., 2006), while others assert that the relationship between welfare state and socioeconomic inequality in health is inconsistent (Beckfield & Krieger, 2009; Mackenbach et al., 2008). From these contradictory results arise the so-called ‘Scandinavian puzzle’ (Bambra, 2011). Indeed, it would be expected that the more redistributive the welfare state is, the less strong are the differences in health between those in top socioeconomic strata respect to those in the bottom. However, from the empirical evidences in literature emerge that this is not true, since there are no clear pattern between welfare states. Furthermore, some findings highlight that is not possible to generalize pattern in socioeconomic inequalities in mortality and self-reported measurements of health (Mackenbach et al., 2008). This suggests that performances of the welfare may have been hidden behind different indicators of health used in the analysis. Therefore, in order to understand whether welfare state may ameliorate the socioeconomic inequality in health is necessary to take into account different aspect of

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The life expectancy rate in another country has decreased compared to the United States because of different methods that use such as, social support and social services. The welfare of an individual is important, but we’re constantly spending more on health care due to fact, individuals can’t afford health insurance. This issue has been a problem for decades now and it appears to be that America is ignoring the fact, which something drastically needs to change, in order to get better results. In this book review, I will discuss the differences between social supports and social services, how America health care system is different from other countries and what kind of changes should be made in order to have a much and improved health care

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Many solutions, such as social investment, early childhood education, job training for young adults are avenues for addressing the shrinking middle class. Many of these ideas have been around since the 1990s, and most know that they will work, however, no one wants to pay the cost of such social investments. Thus, this is a fine example of how one topic, income inequality, can be addressed from two different angles, that of economist and that of sociologists, and what contributes to the inequality can be supported based on what is actually measured. In this specific comparison, due to the differences in disciplines addressing the same issue, the variables measured are completely different and as a result, yield very different results.

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Health care is a thing that a few in our world have access to. However you look at it health as a whole is different in poorer individuals. People who are poor have a shorter life expectancy it 's as simple as

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The article addresses the myth surrounding welfare. Americans common belief government's aid enhances corruption among poor people has its roots in the past —even Franklin Delano Roosevelt considered welfare “a narcotic, a subtle destroyer of the human spirit.” However, recent statistics highlights the beneficial’ effects of cash assistance for the poor. The welfare positively impacts the life of children, improving the quality of their nutrition and education. Moreover, in a moment of great economic recession the welfare is the only net that can support people in need.

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These elements include social support structures, educational attainment, employment status, poverty, and income. Health outcomes, health behaviors, and access to healthcare services are all significantly influenced by socioeconomic level (WHO, 2003). Similarly, a healthy neighborhood and lifestyle determine health. Health within the Social Insurance Model is influenced by a variety of elements, such as housing quality, transportation, access to healthy food, water quality, usage of tobacco and alcohol, amount of physical activity, dietary practices, and adherence to advised screenings or

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Healthy People 2020 asses the health status of the United States population. According to Health People.gov “measures of general health status provide information on the health of a population. Measuring health status can be done by monitoring life expectancy, years of potential life lost, and disparities in health care access. Measuring heath status is used in health care because it makes it easier to understand health outcomes. Life expectancy has increased by thirty years during the twentieth century.

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The term social determinants of health, can be defined as a ‘set of conditions in which people are born, grow up, live and work.’ These conditions include housing, education, financial security and the environment along with the healthcare service. (http://www.rcn.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/438838/01.12_Health_inequalities_and_the_social_determinants_of_health.pdf) These factors are affected by the amount of money, power and resources that are available at a global, national and local level. Social determinants of health are linked to health inequalities according to the World Health Organisation, health inequalities are ‘the unfair and avoidable differences in health status seen within and between countries.’

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The problem that reaches public attention is how income affects the health of Canadians. People living with low incomes are less healthy and have more medical conditions and symptoms of illness than people living with higher incomes (Williamson et al., 2006). There is an unequal distribution of SDH in Canada, which is mostly influenced by the part of the public with more power (Williamson et al., 2006). A survey was done about the public opinion about income-related health inequalities in Ontario. Almost 73% of Ontarians agreed with the general idea that all people are not equally healthy in Ontario because of the income gap (Shankardass, Lofters, Kirst, & Quinonez, 2012).

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