Sodium Acetoacetate Synthesis

4.B Why do you think that the adding of sodium acetoacetate resulted in a 50% decrease in renal ammonia production?

Sodium acetoacetate addition would result in a decrease in renal ammonia production because of the adjustment to the pH levels that it has. This happens due to direct oxidation. Some of the dogs in this experiment became tolerant to the sodium acetoacetate so their doses were changed. The conclusion was that since quantities that were essentially equal in tolerance were given that direct oxidation was the final outcome of why 50% was decreased. This would basically mean that the pH rate was adjusted in equimolar quantities. When this happened that is why there was a significant decrease that lead to 50% reduction in ammonia.

It often is used as a sweetener for diabetic food and this is because it is poorly absorbed in the intestines so as to not spike insulin levels. This is because it has a higher heat of solution than most sugar alcohols and it has low solubility that is found in candies and such. It can also be used in medicine. It can be used to for glaucoma and can be used to lower intracranial pressure. If it used as a medication it is often given in injection form. However, some side effects can be electrolyte imbalances and dehydration. The continuous infusion of 5% mannitol alone failed to influence renal ammoniogenesis because it prevents the swelling of endothelial cells in the kidneys. This basically makes mannitol 's presence almost like a preservation chemical on renal

The effects of the ketone bodies on ammoniogenesis in spite of the urinary pH and bicarbonate falling is not in any way related to why there was a partial correction of the extracellular acidosis. The metabolic acidosis occurred from production of acid within the body. Metabolic acidosis can also occur when the kidneys are not removing enough acid from the body. When metabolic acidosis occurs, this will cause the pH level to be low which is likely due to increased production of hydrogen ions and the bodies inability to form bicarbonate within the kidneys. So that is why the ion exchange of the pH had an effect when it was infused.

7 A. Why do you think that the renal glutamine arteriovenous difference was abolished. where ketones were infused?

Glutamine that was arteriovenous abolished where ketones were infused because the renal extraction of the glutamine had to maintain negligible. This is so that homeostasis can still occur even though substrates are being abolished. Renal hemodynamics did not vary because the glutamine had been abolished. Ultimately, this is because of the infusion of the ketone bodies. No infusion would not lead to abolishment.

7.B Why do you think that infusion of β-hydroxybutyrate into the left renal artery resulted in a rapid decrease in ammoniogenesis by the perfused