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The Evolution Of The Trade And Intercourse Act Of 1790

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Recommended: Relationship with Native Americans and European colonists

As Europeans came in contact with Native Americans, they imposed rules, treaties, and interfered on their land. Europeans violated these treaties and scammed Natives out of having their rights due to their own greed and need. The Europeans took matters into their own hands by creating Indian policies. These policies would drastically change throughout the years as conflict arose due to land issues and the civil rights of these Indians. The Europeans started making Indian policy through the Treaty making system in order to properly negotiate and obtain land. This system consistently had fraud and manipulation from the Europeans. For the Indians this system was seen as an alliance but for the Europeans it was purely business. The Indians made …show more content…

However, as Andrew Jackson came into office, he claimed to congress that ‘ “if the states chose to extend their laws over [Indians] it would not be in the power of the federal government to prevent it” ’ (Takaki, p. 81). In 1832, in the Worcester v. Georgia case the Supreme Court officially ruled that states do not have the authority to have jurisdiction over Indian territory. Once again Jackson ignored it and continued his Indian removal plan after passing his Indian removal act in 1830 that gave him the authority to draw up treaties to move Indians west of the Mississippi River. In 1831, The Dancing Rabbit Creek Treaty was ratified which gave the Choctaw a chance to stay in Mississippi or move West. So even after the Cherokees win their case they are still forced to move due to a new treaty known as the Treaty at New Echota (Takaki, p.88), along with the Creek, Chickasaw, Choctaw, and Seminole in what is known as the Trail of …show more content…

By the end of the war they created the Indian Claims Commission to look at broken treaties, lost compensation, and helped to resolve disputes of ownership of land. The issue here is that they needed proof of land yet in the Plains, the tribes were constantly moving and not settled and others did not have proof. Another change in policy was Public Law 280 in 1953 that stated Indians had to live on their own and would not get federal aid. Dillon Myer wanted to separate and terminate the relations between the Indians and federal government. With this new policy the Bureau of Indian Affairs relocated thousands of Indians with a one way bus ticket so they would not be able to return home. These Indians struggled to adapt to these new homes and the city life. Relocation centers were made to offer help to these Indians and brought cultural awareness and social services for them. The outcome led to a growth of Native American activism and a sense of

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Dear Mr. Parker, During the 1838 Congress passed a law called the Indian Removal homes from Georgia to Indian Territory. It was a long walk 4,000 thousand of us died from the terrible weather,illness, weakness. After the devastating journey, the Cherokee Indians tried to settle in their new "desert" home. In the new territory, problems developed with the new arrivals, and Cherokees who had already come here.

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The Indian Removal Act of 1830 was a time where there were lots of contradictions. Meanwhile It was a period of land hungry Americans who wanted to expand land democratic institutions which unfolded the limitations of democracy. The states put an end to property restrictions and due to the Louisiana purchase of1812 the American's saw more opportunities to start expanding and settling in towards the west, but was all destroyed for the native Americans who lived that way. No one knew the way the democracy worked at this age better than the Cherokees, who embraced their lifestyle and culture only to be mistreated and misunderstood when sent to be moved forcibly against their will from their home land and move to the east. In this document I will

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Throughout the seventeenth century, conflict between Europeans and Native Americans was rampant and constant. As more and more Europeans migrated to America, violence became increasingly consistent. This seemingly institutionalized pattern of conflict begs a question: Was conflict between Europeans and Native Americans inevitable? Kevin Kenny and Cynthia J. Van Zandt take opposing sides on the issue. Kevin Kenny asserts that William Penn’s vision for cordial relations with local Native Americans was destined for failure due to European colonists’ demands for privately owned land.

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these were years of Native American change. Though the legislature was goal was to drive tribes onto reservations and let them make sense of another lifestyle all alone, numerous Native Americans were not in agreeance. They organized into associations and rights groups and worked together toward one main goals, which was to convince the government to pass enactment that would ensure and help Native Americans Assimilate. By the year 1871, through many efforts on boths side it was clear that sending tribes to live on reservations was not a successful solution to the government 's dilemma.

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The United States Supreme Court said the land belonged to the Indians. Andrew Jackson was the only president in the history of the United States to openly defy a Supreme Court order. Jackson is said to have exclaimed “John Marshall has made his decision; now let him enforce it.” (Foner, 303) Andrew Jackson disregarded the Supreme Court ruling and forced the Native Americans to move westward. The Trail of Tears is one of Jackson’s most infamous legacies (Warshauer, Matthew).

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Although this treaty explicitly stated the Indians’ rights to land, history- and even the Act itself- proved that Americans followed it very loosely, if at all. The Trade and Intercourse Act seemed to dampen the consequences of violating Indian land rights since it included the phrase, “not exceeding,” when referring to the jail- time and fees that any invasive Americans had to pay. 3. Andrew Jackson proposed moving the Indians because he wanted to end the tensions between the Federal and State Governments concerning Natives, to condense the Indian population in a single expanse of land, to open the area between Tennessee and Louisiana to the whites, and to prevent Indian and American conflicts. In the second paragraph of his Message to Congress in1829, Jackson said that the United States should move the Indians because it would put “an end to all possible danger of collisions between the authorities of the General and State Governments on account of the Indians.”

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They asked Congress to help protect their rights from Georgia and not let their land be taken away from them. As the case went up in the rank of court, the Cherokee also wrote a document that would state reason why they shouldn’t be moved west beyond the

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It contained several articles, but was a general agreement that the Cherokee would remove themselves from their homeland and take up new land in the West. This treaty cost three men their lives. The Treaty of New Echota ceded Cherokee land to the U.S. in exchange for compensation. The treaty had been negotiated by a Cherokee leader, Major Ridge, who claimed to represent the Cherokee Nation when, in fact, he spoke only for a small portion of the Cherokees. Without authorization from Cherokee Chief John Ross, Ridge, and a few other Cherokee signed the Treaty of New Echota and agreed to removal west of the Mississippi in exchange for five million dollars (Todayingeorgiahistory.org).

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They were forced to walk to the southeastern part of the Indian Territory, which would later become southeastern Oklahoma, on a journey that was aptly named the “Choctaw Trail of Tears”. The Choctaw Indians have been treated unfairly by the US government, they were forced by Andrew Jackson to sign over all of their land. However with the passing of Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1975, the US government finally began to make amends with the Choctaw people. The bill allows the tribes to be largely in charge of their own education, tribal healthcare, and other social service programs. (Canby)

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The Indian Removal Act forced the Native Americans to move away from their ancestral homes. Gabrielle Tayac, Edwin Schupman, and Genevieve Simermeyer noted, “Native peoples have created thriving societies along the shores of numerous rivers that feed into the beautiful and environmentally rich Chesapeake Bay. They lived in connection to the seasons and the natural resources of the region” (“Chesapeake Natives: Three Major Chiefdoms”). Prior to the arrival of the colonists, the Native Americans built and maintained successful communities in their ancestral homes for generations.

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The Europeans utilized the Native Americans simply like the Africans. The Europeans initially touched base at the new world ignorant regarding the land. The Native Americans guided and nurtured the Europeans. They demonstrated to them their traditions and generally accepted methods to utilize the land further bolstering their good fortune. As the Europeans quality developed, they anticipated that the Native Americans would take after the European way.

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The treaty stated that the indians had to allow travelers into the lands, allow government to establish roads, pay for wrongdoings of their people, and avoid conflict with other tribes, while the US government offered protection from US citizens and annuities if treaty of followed. However, issues with the treaty arose as Indians didn’t have full translation of the terms, an example of the government’s sovereignty ruling over ethics. In 1868, the treaty commision met again to improve the terms of the treaty. The US government established the Great Sioux Reservation where the indians could preside.

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