Galen used elements to explain illnesses and diseases. He said that your blood/air was hot and wet, yellow bile/fire was hot and dry, black bile/earth was dry and cold, and that phlegm/water was cold and wet. Galen called these ‘humors’, he said when you have a proper balance you were considered to be healthy and when you had an improper balance it was suspected that there was a disease present. In 1668 a man named Hermann Boerhaave was born.
Towards the end of Your Inner Fish, Shubin creates a human family tree that begins with multicellularity in the form of jellyfish and skulls in the form of fish, and ends with a three boned middle ear in the form of a gopher and bipedal gait in our current form. As Shubin explains, “Virtually every illness we suffer has some historical component… different branches from the tree of life inside us— from ancient humans, to amphibians and fish, and finally to microbes— come back to pester us today” (469). The diseases that humans get are not as random as they may seem. For instance, heart disease, one of the leading causes of death in humans today, has its roots in the layout of the human body. The heart pumps blood to the organs of the body through the arteries, but it’s difficult for the body to pump blood ‘upstream’, so there are two features that aid with this process.
Did you know that the hippo can not sweat so when it comes into contact with air their skin will easily dries up. But also the two main types of hippos are the pygmy hippo and the river hippo. Also the two main hippos are interesting in their habitat,characteristics, And their appearance. The characteristics of a pygmy hippo and the river hippo is that they both eat grass and other plants.
“It was believed that four humours or fluids entered into the composition of a man: blood, phlegm, choler (or yellow bile), and melancholy (or black bile).” If one of these fluids became imbalanced, having more or less fluid than the other three, the person was believed to be ill. A fever is a common sickness we know today, that was believed to be created by an unbalanced humour. To cure these patients, doctors would reduce the amount of blood or bile in the body.
The Galenic “non-naturals” in today’s world can be described as patients controlling: their food intake and what they drink, the amount of sleep they get and when they wake up, amount of exercise compared to rest, normal regularity, and their mental health/stability. All of these played a big role in how Galen produced his type of disease treatments. Most of these in that medical era became known as bleeding, purging, cupping, blistering, starving, and taking high doses of medicines. Galen thought that disease could be treated by bleeding patients out for several times a week, as this would rid them of the condition. He also felt that mixed drugs were an important part of treatment because then all of the ingredients are getting at the
Classical Greek mythology has long been an inspiring subject to artists. The symbolism and allure of the folklore has been a major artistic theme throughout the centuries. Many of the most famous images we know today, like Botticelli’s “Birth of Venus” or Michelangelo’s “David,” draw from both classical Greek antiquity - the study of sculpture and body form from the Classical period – and classical Greek mythology. In his sculpture “Pathos Hephaestus Eros,” artist John Whitcomb Robinson utilizes this same mythology to portray the Greek god Hephaestus in relation to humanity. I’d like to reiterate some important elements of the formal analysis of this sculpture that play an important role in its interpretation.
. Results 3.1 Appearance, behavior observation statistics and the number of deaths in mice Blank group white light color and coat is compact, light red tail. Mice binocular rotating flexible and quick act freely. Normal diet in mice, defecate appears necessarily easy to disperse state of particles.
He was able to compile all significant medical thoughts from Greece and Rome, too. In addition to that, he also incorporated his own discoveries and theories, foremost of which to Hippocrates’ work on the humoral basis of disease. This illness was thought to be the result of an imbalance of the four humors known as blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile (Hajar, 2012). Galen was the one who best endorsed the four humors. He referred these specific qualities to temperament or temperature.
Many standard features of modern science did not become commonly used elements of scientific practice until the 1800’s. “Regular” medical practices at the time were based on the Four Humours Theory (scholars of the period decided that the body contained four humours: blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile) and therefore was seen to be based more upon philosophy or art than true science (The History of Medicine). Before the turn of the century, medical practices were seen as almost barbaric to modern eyes, due to the use of mercury, iron, bleeding, leeches, induced vomiting, prescribed laxatives, arsenic and phosphorus based medicine, and the use of prayer, and often led to the death of the patients rather than them becoming well again. At the turn of the century, many western physicians began dabbling with newer theories that were being used in Europe.
He believed in the natural healing process of rest, a good diet, fresh air and cleanliness. He noted that there were individual differences in the severity of disease symptoms and that some individuals were better able to cope with their disease and illness than others. Stating that “Healing is a matter of time, but it is sometimes also a matter of opportunity.” He was the first to introduce terms such as exacerbation, relapse, resolution, crisis, paroxysm, peak and convalescence. He was also the first physician that held the belief that thoughts, ideas, and feelings come from the brain and not the heart as others of his time believed.
Hipparchus Hipparchus of Nicaea, was a Greek astronomer, geographer, and mathematician. He is considered the founder of trigonometry but is most famous for his incidental discovery of precession of the equinoxes. He was born in İznik, Turkey in the year 190 BC. His life ended when he died in Rhodes, Greece in the year 120 BC.
Two of the four humors used during medieval times were earth and air, they symbolized black bile and blood. Doctors in medieval times did not always have a cure for every diseases, and even if they did the medication may not be available. For example, if a patient needed a treacle stem it would contain sixty ingredients and take forty days to make. Also, the patient would most likely be deceased by the time the treacle stem matured twelve years later. Keeping this in mind, the likelihood of people being cured and surviving was slim to none.
People who were skilled in herbalism used to make revolting potions that were sometimes made with fecal matter and urine to cure different types of sicknesses. An assumption that dog droppings was the cure for blindness. They would grind the dry droppings into powder and rub the powder inside of the blind eye. Medicine did not improve since previous periods. Hippocrates was separated into four different fluids yellow bile, blood, black bile, and phlegm.
The muscular system is very important for everyday life. Without it we wouldn't be able to carry out everyday tasks such as writing this paper or tying our shoes or anything. This system also helps us distribute wastes when our body doesn’t need them anymore, which is important because if the wastes build up the toxins will enter your system the wrong way and it will harm you eventuly. This system interacts with the many other systems but the main two are the nervous system and the digestive system. The nervous system is what controls the brain and the brain tells us to move certain parts of our bodies without us knowing it, this is how our involuntary muscles move.
All of these organ systems need to help to make up the
