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Primary types of impression management
Impression management and social interaction
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This theory involves the correlations between personality traits such as widespread expectations of impression positively correlated with generosity, so that a person who is cold is viewed to be serious. It is often stated that implicit personality theories also include correlations between psychological and dimensions of impressions. There are parts of the impression formation process that are framework dependent, some individuals also tend to exhibit certain trends in forming impressions variety of situations. There is not one single implicit personality theory used, but varied approaches the task of impression formation in an own unique way. Moreover, there are some components of implicit personality theories that are consistent across
The attribution theory is a theory that proposes that people attempt to understand the behaviour of others by associating it with either situational (external) or dispositional (internal) factors. While this an interesting and popular theory, it has been discovered that when attributing behaviour, we often make errors, as we are more biased and judgemental than we would like to think. The two attribution errors that I will bring up in this essay are The Fundamental Attribution Error (FAE) and the Self-Serving Bias (SSB). The Fundamental Attribution Error (FAE) implies that when we observe the behaviour of others, we tend to over-attribute their behaviour to dispositional factors and underestimate the influence that situational factors may have had.
In today’s society, individuals and groups are labeled with either positive or negative stereotypes. People encounter stereotypes everyday and everywhere. It is the picture people paint in their minds when approaching a group or individual when in fact it may be different in reality. Stereotypes affect a person’s way of living and thinking either in a negative or positive way. Stereotypes are based on truth but in an exaggerated way, while misconceptions are formed from having stereotypes.
Factors can exist in in the perceiver, the target, or the situation. For example, when you look at your target, your interpretation of what you see is influenced by your personal characteristics (Book pg.153). Things that are important to you matter in these situations and the context in which perceptions are interpreted have an impact. I also believe that stereotypes play a factor in this as well. Being African American, I know many of times I have experienced situations where on the job that sly remarks have been made or actions have been displayed towards me.
The Flip Side of Internet Fame In this article The Flip Side of Internet Fame by Jessica Bennett, there are many issues discussed in regards to the internet and how it can create instant fame and shame. This article talks about the many pros and cons with the Internet today and the effects it can cause. Although social sigma can be a useful deterrent, “the Internet is loose cannon,” says ethicist Jim Cohen of Fordham University School of Law in New York (Fawcett 579). Internet fame is causing more and more people to become isolated because of shame, rage, and death.
1. What is implicit personality theory? This theory is a set of assumptions that a person makes, often unconsciously, about the correlations between personality traits, including such widespread expectations of impression positively correlated with generosity, so that a person who is cold is perceived as being likely to be serious. Some implicit personality theories also include correlations between psychological and dimensions of impressions.
This theory was made by Michael Argyle (1925- 2002), who was a social psychologist. In the late 1960s he studied social skills, body language, non-verbal communication and interpersonal behaviour. In this study, he found that non-verbal signals can be much more important and useful than verbal communication when trying to trigger peoples’ attitudes and feelings. His research showed and found that the stronger the relationship between the people communicating so with close friends for example the much better eye contact. However, when the relationship is not very strong so when speaking to a stranger people don’t have very good eye contact and they tend to look away when talking.
The system needs to be productive or it will be a waste of money and time, this makes a virtual as a potential to refine employee’s performance. The performance appraisal will lead to a behavioral change when an individual accepts the system (A. Elverfeldt, 2005). The system used in performance appraisal has the roots and become more powerful in almost all the organization through the world. These are the assessment of the performance of an employee or employer, whom one is concern about (D. Goel, 2010). According to E. Lawler, G. Benson and M McDermott, 2012 performance appraisal is a censure powe of management practices, criticism ranging from an extensive waste of time to their having a negative impact on the correlation between managers and their subordinates.
According to Erving Goffman, social interaction is almost similar to a theatre, at the same time people in daily life are likened to be actors on stage, each playing variety of roles. There are individuals who observe the role-playing and react to the performance as the audience. In social interaction, just like in theatrical performance, there are two regions, each with different effects on an individual’s performance: front stage and back stage(Crossman, 2015). The situation that an actor formally performs and adheres to conventions that have meaning to the audience is considered as the front stage. The actor knows he or she is being watched and therefore acts accordingly.
Stereotypes are widely believed mental pictures of a categorized group of people. People learn stereotypes from family members, social media, and entertainment. Family members are a person’s first and most important influence about life. Social media is the currently the way of communication and it satisfies the needs to understand the social world. No longer do people have to view a person as an individual, but now as a group member.
Communication is an inevitable aspect of life. It is an event which happens almost every second of every day. Communication is an act of giving and receiving of information—desires, needs, perceptions, knowledge, etc.—of two or more persons through orthodox or unorthodox methods which can either be intentional or unintentional (de Valenzuela 2002). There are numerous types of communication and one is interpersonal communication. Interpersonal communication is one of the communication fields that several studies have focused on.
According to Psychologist Dr. Jim Taylor, the world of social media today is transforming self discovery from a process of knowing thyself to rather showing thyself.(Taylor: online). Your online persona, or rather social media profile, can in many ways be viewed as a form of self-presentation. Self-presentation, which is “the conscious or unconscious process by which people try to influence the perception of their image”, is not only natural, but also takes place in the offline world through social interactions (Junco : 111). We have a perceived images of ourselves and we want to communicate to the outside world and ensure that other people see us as we view ourselves. On social media we view our profiles as a representation of who we are.
In this advance era, mass media plays a significant role towards all of us and we can truly admit that mass media is one of the basic essenssial that used by everyone in their daily life. Generally, mass media is a print and electronic means of communication that spreads messages to the audiences and carries out information to the people in the society. Mass media can be divided into two categories, which is the print media include like newspaper, magazines, and books. Another mass media is the electronic media include like radio, television, and internet which is used by most of the people nowadays. Media is one of the most influential aspects of our lives.
1.2 Overview of Self-Awareness When self-awareness is used, it means to what extent people are aware of their thinking pattern, traits, feelings and behavior (Brown, 2012). Fletcher and Bailey (2003) state that it is possible to preview at our own self-assessment and assessment made by other people in relation to self-awareness for instance, the scope of which we can exactly recognise how others observe us. In the same way, Yammarino and Atwater (1997) identify self-awareness as an adeptness of an individual to view own performance related to a specific criteria and then, evaluate others assessment of the individual and monitor precisely linking the two consequences. Fletcher and Bailey (2003) states the relationship between self-awareness and performance is significant when assessing self-awareness and further presents
The first one approached the topic through the theory of social representations, according to which the image represents the stable and the central part of the social representations (Abric 1993, 1995); the second perspective brought to the forefront the assessment of the public image of the police through the Scale Semantic Differential; in the third stage, the central point was represented by the mediated image reflected by the press. If the first three steps aimed descriptive goals, highlighting the elements outlining the perceived public image of the Romanian police officers, the last stage brought conceptual clarifications: it emphasized the relationships between some factors and the perceived image and helped establishing explanatory models. Throughout this evaluative process we opted for the assessment of the organizational image referring to it’s employees, as a highly relevant imagological component.
