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In the book, Benching Jim Crow: The Rise and Fall of the Color Line in Southern College Sports, written by Martin H. Charles. Charles H. Martin is an associate professor of history at the University of Texas at El Paso. The book, is divided into different eras that range from 1890 to 1980. Charles’ reveals how southern colleges implemented their racially exclusive programs and then integrated to a diverse competition. The first section of the book is called “Gentlemen’s Agreement” which occurred from 1890 to 1929.
The NBA did not desegregate until the late 1950’s roughly 5 years after baseball had fully Integrated. Nat “Sweetwater” Clifton and Earl Lloyd were the first African Americans to be over Drafted in the second round by the Boston Celtics. Beforehand there were African American Teams, in the 1904 they were called black fives. They were branches outside of the YMCA, During the black fives era the teams emerged out of the cities: New York, Washington, Chicago, Pittsburgh, Philadelphia and Cleveland. The teams were affiliated with churches, social clubs and newspapers.
Book Review In C. Vann Woodward’s, The Strange Career of Jim Crow, C. Vann Woodward gives his complete insight of the historical events, the racially proclaimed issues that took place, and his analysis of the history of Jim Crow laws, during the end of the Civil War all the way to the ending of the Civil Rights. Summary of Book The Strange Career of Jim Crow is written in six detailed chapters, in which the introduction of Jim Crow is evolving and becoming more apparent to the South. “Of Old Regimes and Reconstructions” elaborates on the segregation of the South right after the Civil War and the North being blamed for the cause of segregation.
When the topic of segregation is brought up many instantly think of the 1960s and the Civil Rights Movement. Many also think of the ‘separate by equal’ ideology that existed for years after the Supreme Court case of Plessy vs. Ferguson. Such an ideology created laws and norms to have separate facilities for people of color from whites. However, these ideologies did not just pertain to public facilities, but also within them, such as sports. In the book, Benching Jim Crow by Charles Martin, the author gives an in-depth analysis of the segregation and color lines that existed in college sports from the 1890s through the 1980s.
Michelle Alexander wrote the book called, The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness, the publication is in New York and the publisher is The New Press, which is the second edition, it was published in the year of 2012 and the book has 312 pages. On October 7, 1967, Michelle Alexander was born. She is a graduate from Stanford Law School and Vanderbilt University. She is a civil rights lawyer, advocate and legal scholar. She is a professor who has taught at a many universities.
This book describes the explorations of the Spanish explorer, Hernando DeSoto in North America. DeSoto's exploration was the first major interaction of Native Americans in North America. DeSoto and other explorers spent four years roaming the eastern half of the United States. The DeSoto Chronicles provide ethnological information about DeSoto's exploration. These documents provide records of the most civilized Native American culture in that time period- the Mississippian Indians.
“She would impart to me gems of Jim Crow wisdom” (Wright 2). In “The Ethics of Living Jim Crow,” Richard Wright, speaks of his own experiences growing up in the half century after slavery ended, and how the Jim Crow laws had an effect on them. Wright’s experiences support the idea that a black person could not live a life relatively free of conflict even if they adhered to the ethics of Jim Crow. The first experience that Wright describes came when he was only a young boy living in Arkansas. He and his friends had been throwing cinder blocks and they found themselves in a ‘war’ against a group of white boys.
Jim Crow was not a person, it was a series of laws that imposed legal segregation between white Americans and African Americans in the American South. It promoting the status “Separate but Equal”, but for the African American community that was not the case. African Americans were continuously ridiculed, and were treated as inferiors. Although slavery was abolished in 1865, the legal segregation of white Americans and African Americans was still a continuing controversial subject and was extended for almost a hundred years (abolished in 1964). Remembering Jim Crow: African Americans Tell About Life in the Segregated South is a series of primary accounts of real people who experienced this era first-hand and was edited by William H.Chafe, Raymond
On page thirty-two of The New Jim Crow, Michelle Alexander explicitly states that we transitioned from the death of the "Old Jim Crow" to the birth of "The New One" through: "a criminal justice system that was strategically employed to force African Americans back into a system of extreme repression and control" (32). After the death of slavery / during the Reconstruction Era, African Americans obtained political power and began the long march toward greater social and economic equality. As a result, whites reacted with panic / outrage and conservatives vowed to reverse Reconstruction / "redeem" the South. Through the Ku Klux Klan, resurgent white supremacists fought a terrorist campaign against Reconstruction governments and local leaders.
Annotated Bibliography Michelle Alexander. The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness This novel written by Michelle Alexander presents research on the issue of colorblindness and mass incarceration of minorities in African American and latino racial groups which is a result of bias judgment. The author’s research indicates that people of African American and Latino ethnicity are more likely to be searched and imprisoned than white Americans although the crime rate of African Americans and Hispanics are roughly at the same rate or slightly lower than the white American crime rate. This is important to the criminal justice system in general because it shows that the government is encouraging an issue great civil rights activists have worked hard and gave their life fighting to improve.
Annotated Bibliography Alexander, M. (2010). The new Jim Crow: Mass incarceration in the age of colorblindness. New York: The New Press. Alexander opens up on the history of the criminal justice system, disciplinary crime policy and race in the U.S. detailing the ways in which crime policy and mass incarceration have worked together to continue the reduction and defeat of black Americans.
THE YEAR IS 2009. Citizens of the United States enjoy freedom, privileges, and for many, an opportunity to participate in the “American dream.” BUT, approximately 40 years ago this was not true for African Americans living in the South. I reside in Columbia, South Carolina, and today as I sit and watch people – Black people, White people, - people of all races -walk with their lawn chairs, blankets, and coolers, sit, and enjoy a family summer concert at Finlay Park, I can’t help but wonder, how many people know of the struggle?
AP ENGLISH Per-7 Rajdeep SIngh The New Jim Crow By, Michelle Alexander Publisher-The New Press The book I have chosen is The New Jim Crow by Michelle Alexander. This novel is basically telling us (the readers) that racism back then and the racism now has not changed much but it is improving.
In the eyes of Martin Luther King Jr., Justice within a society is achieved through the implementation of just laws. Furthermore, “just laws are regulations that have been created by man that follow the laws of God for man” (“Clergymen’s Letter”). Any law that does not correspond with the ideals of God and morality are considered to be unjust or a form of injustice. King identifies that injustice is clearly evident within the justice system. This injustice can truly be seen through the misconduct imposed toward the African American community.
Slavery is over therefore how can racism still exist? This has been a question posed countlessly in discussions about race. What has proven most difficult is adequately demonstrating how racism continues to thrive and how forms of oppression have manifested. Michelle Alexander, author of The New Jim Crow, argues that slavery has not vanished; it instead has taken new forms that allowed it to flourish in modern society. These forms include mass incarceration and perpetuation of racist policies and societal attitudes that are disguised as color-blindness that ultimately allow the system of oppression to continue.
