Shapiro (2005) on her article on agency theory postulated that in order to ensure the interests of the agent and the principal are safeguarded, a comprehensive contract is written to address the interest of both the agent and the principal. She further explained that the relationship is further strengthened by the principal employing an expert to monitor the agent (Ndhiwa & Kwasira, 2008). Agency theory is concerned with solving two problems that normally arise in agency relationship; First the problem of risk sharing, which is experienced when the agent and the principal have different risk preferences for example one may a risk taker while the other may risk averse. The other problem is Agency problem which is also referred to as principal-agent problem, according to the definition by investopedia dictionary agency problem is a problem that arise due to the conflict of interest inherent in the agency relationship. The agent is motivated by his own interest. If the agent and principal seek to maximize their own self-interests, then the agent may not always act on principal’s interests (Mannings, 2012).
In his research study Mawanda (2008) stated that internal control is one of many mechanisms used in organizations to address the agency problem. Others include financial reporting, budgeting, audit committees, and external audits. Miles (2012) observed that principals tends to have imperfect information which he needs to evaluate the agent. This leads to information
A financial audit is an independent, objective evaluation of an organization 's financial reports and financial reporting processes. The primary purpose for financial audits is to give stakeholders reasonable assurance that financial statements are accurate and complete.
Most internal audits are not adding value. One reason is that “ongoing compliance burdens and pressure to do more with less” is contributing to the decline in perceived internal audit value.
This memorandum highlights significant portions of Statement on Auditing Standards (SAS) No. 115 Communication of Internal Control Related Matters Identified in an Audit and answers some questions frequently asked by accountants about SAS 115 ("The American Institute Of Certified Public Accountants", 2015).
SAS 115 Highlights
Here are some highlights of SAS 115. Applicability (SAS 115, 2015, para. 01). Definitions. A material weakness (SAS 115, 2015, para. 06).
What is my goal in acquiring new information through my research? An answer, if not by documented proof, then at least by strong circumstantial evidence.
4. 4.
Block says instrumentalism and relative autonomy would explain the actions of the state during the 2008 Economic crises. Blocks explanation of instrumentalism and relative autonomy hinges on the dynamics of three groups State Officials, the Capitalist Class, and the Working Class.
Block states in normal times the states structural interests are centered on business confidence, capital investment, a strong economy, revenue, and public support through social programs all of which equal a strong state. However, during a crisis or extra times the state is interested in expanding their role in state government and exerting relative autonomy as it did during the 2008 economic crises, when the state saved the day, and intervened with bailouts for
Agency is the power of an individual or group to evoke change in their situation, given impeding external factors. One assumes agency when they realize that they have a capacity to act and in a sense, control of their situation and environment.
In Dennis Medina’s essay, “We Are A Part of the History of Texas That You Must Not Exclude!” he illustrates the manner in which the latino/a community in Houston, Texas was no being incorporated in to the mainstream LGBT movement, with the exclusion of Latina/o representation in leadership positions in addition to lack of consideration for Latina/o issues.
Benefits and Challenges of Multi-Agency
Introduction
Multi-agency can be defined as the involvement of different corporations which works together to eliminate vital issues or problems in the society. The involvement of ranges of professionals in an integrated way provides a strong platform which helps to attain a positive outcome for the young generation and the children. The working in partnership the key element of multi-agency, therefore the working of the multi-agency is faces variety of changes, however the perspectives and approach of the agency is supported by the government to enhance social condition, education and health facilities (Atkinson, 2005). The main objective of this research paper is to identify the working process and to recognize the challenges in the working mechanism. Therefore, the main aim is to analyse and investigate the working mechanism and different models of multi-agency.
Political scientists and historians have always been on the opposite sides on the subject of how a decision is made. Political Scientists claim that by knowing a few details into the major players prior preferences that all future actions can be predicted by using that Rational Actors Model. However, historians refute this theory arguing that without knowing the context or the environment of the player, one can never truly understand the decision making process. By using the events which led to the internment of Japanese Americans I hope to show that any event can fit the model in hindsight but at the time of the actual decision there could have been many options for Japanese Americans short of internment.
INTRODUCTION
Self-Determination Theory (SDT) was conceived by Edward L. Deci and Richard M. Ryan. This theory is concerned with human motivation, personality, and optimal functioning. For the purpose of SDT and work motivation, motivation is considered the core of biological, cognitive, and social regulation. Instead of just looking at the amount of motivation, self-determination theory focuses on different types of motivation.
Information also can be discovered and created. Researchers who want to find something that needed, it should to create new information when to research anything about what it wants to know.
