Osmotic power was first recognized in 1954 [8], when it was observed that the energy available from a river meeting the ocean is equivalent to that of a waterfall over 200 m high, or 0.66 kWh of energy per m3 of freshwater. This means that all over the world, where rivers meet oceans there is a potential for power production. The global potential for this power is estimated at 2.6 TW, enough to supply 20% of the world’s annual energy needs [9]. Several processes for salinity gradient energy conversion have been proposed. Among the most developed is pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) [10]. PRO is a membrane-based process that exploits the natural phenomenon of osmosis, which is driven by the chemical potential difference between solutions of …show more content…
The Equation of state is usually expressed as: P = ρ*R*T (7) where P is the pressure, R is the gas constant, T is the absolute temperature and ρ is the density. The equation (7) can be changed as, P = c *R*T (8) where c is the concentration and the equation is similar to Van’t Hoffs equation for osmotic pressure. 3.1.2 Approximation: Flow is considered as three-dimensional, incompressible and laminar flow assuming multiphase mixture model and all other physical properties are assumed to remain constant. 3.1.3 Multiphase Mixture