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Unethical Human Experimentation

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Human experimentation can be extensively characterized as anything done to a person to figure out how it will influence him. Its principle target is the procurement of new exploratory information instead of treatment. In the event that a trial is at last advantageous to others or even to the subject himself, this doesn't imply that treatment filled a critical need. Humans have long been used as subjects for a variety of experiments. The most public way are those that are medical in nature. For medical science has an impact on human health and life in different ways. Although, most medical experimentation is carried out using laboratory …show more content…

It has been performed by countries including Germany, Japan, North Korea, China, Baathist Iraq, United States, and the Soviet Union. Human subject examination in Japan started in World War II. It went on for many years. During the American control of Japan, General Douglas MacArthur gave invulnerability from arraignment to those Japanese who directed human examination, in return, the Japanese gave most of the obtained results of their investigations to the United States. Unit 731, a department of the Imperial Japanese Army, experimented on prisoners by conducting vivisections, dissections, and bacterial immunizations . It instigated scourges on an expansive scale from 1932 ahead during that Time Sino-Japanese war. It also conducted biological and chemical weapons tests on detainees and caught POWs. With the development of the domain during World War II, comparable units were set up in vanquished urban areas, for example , Nanking , Beijing , Guangzhou and Singapore . After the war, Supreme Commander of the Occupation Douglas MacArthur gave invulnerability for the sake of the United States to Shiro Ishii and all individuals from the units in return for the results of their

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It does not take into consideration those killed prior to 1941.”(Harris 86). Those thousands of people were also experimented on with so much things by mainly one doctor by the name of Shiro Ishii who did quite a lot of the experiments on the people, those Experiments include “vivisection, injection of fatal diseases, hypobaric chamber testing, the effectiveness of flamethrowers, and amputation. Unit 731 did these experiments on children, adults, and pregnant women. ”(Torroella).”As these types of experiments were naturally ones that most people would not volunteer to take part in, the Japanese decided to use prisoners of war as their test subjects.

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According to the Nuremberg Code of 1947, “Required is the voluntary, well-informed, understanding consent of the human subject in a full legal capacity. ”(2017) The major ethical issue to be considered is informed consent, which refers to telling research participants about all aspects of the research that might reasonably influence their decision to participate. But people in the Tuskegee Syphilis Study did not know the truth. “The experiment should aim at positive results for society that cannot be procured in some other way.”

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Scientific experiments can have little significance. Others can change lives. In Daniel Keyes’ 1966 novel Flowers for Algernon, Charlie Gordon partakes in an experiment designed to increase his intelligence. However, the experiment ends up failing. In Robert Louis Stevenson’s

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Denis Diderot once said, “There are three principal means of acquiring knowledge... observation of nature, reflection, and experimentation. Observation collects facts; reflection combines them; experimentation verifies the result of that combination.” What Denis Diderot talks about is logical when trying to obtain information on a certain subject, and this applies to experiments performed on humans. When individuals think of human experimentation, unethical and immoral are sometimes the first words the pop into their brain. Human experimentation is beneficial in the sense that it can it can provide factual information, advancements in the medical field, and how human experimentation will be beneficial in the future.

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During World War II there were a series of experiments conducted by the Nazi’s on all people besides those of the “Aryan Race”. There is much controversy surrounding this topic due to the specific motives of these experiments and whether or not it would ethically and morally fit to use such data collected. These experiments included seawater injections to figure out a safe way to desalinate salt water to make it drinkable, hypothermia tests and the period of time humans can withstand these conditions without becoming unconscious, and starving subjects to see how long it would take them to die. On the opposite side of the common opinion of this topic, there is the idea that the cruel experiments done by the Nazis were for learning purposes and should be used to help the medical field.

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Judges in these trials found that certain principles must be observed to satisfy moral, ethical, and legal concepts (Jewish Virtual Library). Voluntary consent of the patient was necessary to be eligible to experiment of the subject. Experiments should result in good for the society and not in

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Clinical trials have been a boon to modern medicine by broadening the knowledge surrounding disease plaguing the human race and providing a tangible measure of the success and symptoms of treatments to combat these diseases. However each progression in science comes with unintended consequences, in the case of clinical trials it was corruption at the expense of the human volunteers. The Tuskegee Study, conducted by the U.S. Public Health Service and Tuskegee Institute in 1932, is an infamous example of clinical trials crossing the ethical line. However what is ethics? As noted by The Basics of Social Research by Earl Babbie, ethics are a social construction and subjective.

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Stanford Prison Experiment Was this experiment ethical or unethical? “Male college students needed for psychological study of prison life. $15 per day for 1-2 weeks beginning Aug. 14. For further information & applications come to Room 248, Jordan Hall, Stanford U.” That was the ad in the newspaper that began the experiment. The Stanford Prison Experiment (SPE) was conducted by a man named Philip Zimbardo who was interested in the roles people play in prison situations.

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Many of the sources read include many issues regarding the safety and ethics of testing these new biomedical technologies. One of the tests conducted in Limits on Risks for Healthy Volunteers in Biomedical Research was about finding the vector for Yellow Fever. The volunteers knew about the risks. Many people believe however there should be more restrictions regarding risky testing like the Yellow Fever test. Human enhancement is a major concern ethically.

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The laboratories in which rabbits and other animals are tested, the rabbits are held in small cages by themselves for weeks and months. There is no sunlight and the rabbits are not allowed to go outside. Rabbit 32 which is one of the 170,000 rabbits who will be killed this year due to animal testing, is locked up by himself waiting for people to do test on him. Some of the tests that Rabbit 32 has endured is being fed chemicals to see how it affects the rabbit. Another test that the scientist do is, a device to hold the rabbit down so it cannot move and the scientist drip chemicals into the eyes and onto the skin and wait to see how the rabbits react to the chemical.

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Experiments are very valuable because they allow for research on almost everything. This is demonstrated by “From Summer Camps to Glass Ceilings: the Power of Experiments”. This article outlines many different experiments, each giving new insight into how humans behave. One experiment that stood out to me was the Stanford Prison experiment. This experiment studied why guards behaved violently towards prisoners.

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Although the experimentation of animals has furthered medical knowledge, it should not be allowed because it is brutal and animals are unable to give their approval. In order to do a study on humans it must be authorized by them, where animals are unable to give consent, which strikes questions in the world of science on whether this is morally acceptable. Although animal experimentation can result in saving the lives of millions, many find it to be cruel and unjust. Seeing as animals are unable to speak for themselves, they are still able to express their emotions through their behavior.

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Mankind shares a psychological phenomenon known as reason where it is “the intellectual ability to apprehend the truth cognitively, either immediately in intuition, or by means of process of inference.” (Philosophy pages) Humans being gifted to be given such ability to be able to go through reasonable circular thinking may in turn be burdened by questions. Such vary nature of reason, even if it means to surpass all powers, cannot be ignored nor answered. (Kant, 7)

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Specific Purpose: By the end of my speech, the audience will know about the problem of conducting experiments on animals and the ethical issue of the cruel treatment of animals by the researchers. While the problem of conducting experiments on animals draws attention of the society, the speech would present the limitation of animal experiments and outline the alternatives. Central Idea: 1. Conducting experiments on animals has become one of crucial ethical issues of the modern society and it has even been banned in some countries.

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Animal experimentation has been documented for hundreds of years. The initial use of testing on animals instead of humans is credited to ancient physicians in Greece. These physicians decided to use animals as their test subjects for medicine, as opposed to using humans, because of taboos in their community. They believed that by testing on animals they would be granted a higher ranking in the “scala naturae” or the chain of being (Franco). 15 centuries later and animals are still subjected to the cruelty they have been facing for over 1000 years.

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