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The Role Of ADHD In Adolescents

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Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common psychiatric disorder diagnosis among children and adolescents. The occurrence of ADHD has increased over recent years. Statistics shows that worldwide 3-5 % are meeting the diagnostic criteria for ADHD, and it is shown to be more prevalent in boys than girls (1, 8). ADHD is often combined with psychiatric co-morbidity, and children with ADHD are less educated and have an increased risk of becoming abusers and criminals as adults (1,2). Besides impairing the quality of life of the individual child, the families are subject to considerable pressure, and the socioeconomic costs connected with ADHD are substantial (3,1,7). Notably, if left untreated the symptoms of ADHD can affect the child's academic and social functioning significantly (10). …show more content…

Nevertheless, the cause of ADHD is complex and is not yet conclusive, though evidence suggests that both genetic and environmental factors play a role in the development of ADHD. It is estimated that approximately 70-90% is genetically determined (94) while several studies have found that environmental factors such as birth complications, smoking and alcohol during pregnancy can increase the risk of ADHD among children (6, 94, ref) In addition, evidence shows that stress during pregnancy can influence the development of ADHD (11,12,13,95). A study of Spadafore (1998) found that stress during pregnancy was a prominent factor that separates children with ADHD from children without ADHD (2). Moreover studies have found correlation between severity of stress during pregnancy and severity of the symptoms of ADHD in children

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By connecting many different ideas, the CDC stresses the importance of promptly diagnosing ADHD to properly treat the disorder before too many problems are caused for the individual. If ADHD is not properly diagnosed, there will be “a tremendous amount of psychological, financial, academic, and social burden to the individual and the community” (Hamed et al., 2015, para. 35). The CDC states that a child will not grow out of certain negative behaviors, which will make time at school, home, or in everyday life difficult and burdensome (CDC, 2022-b). Warning against falsely diagnosing other issues like sleeping or learning problems, the CDC provides the reader with plans and/or ideas for properly diagnosing and treating the disorder through medical attention, therapy, or simply living a healthy lifestyle (CDC, 2022-b). Because ADHD has such a huge effect on children in terms of focus and other practices, the CDC makes the reader assume that steps must be taken to make an individual’s life better.

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This causes them to apply the diagnostic criteria inconsistently. Carlson also states that the diagnosis for ADHD has become more popular for people who

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The parent or caregiver has to use the reward and consequence system for the entirety for the child’s childhood, promoting good behavior. VIII. Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, also known as ADHD or Hyperkinesia, has no known cause and affects a substantial amount of people in the U.S. The disorder effects how children and teens interact with each other and the child’s schoolwork and school performance.

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In 2013, the American Psychiatric Association (APA) released a new manual called the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), to be used by doctors and other health care professionals to diagnose ADHD in children and adults. This manual serves as a guide for the healthcare practitioners, to lay out the criteria when conducting diagnoses of ADHD in an individual. The recent edition of the manual, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) was produced to change, how ADHD is diagnosed in children and adults particularly the causes of ADHD, the symptom description, and the awareness on the use of information about the disorder in children and adults. Studies have shown

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High hormone levels can negatively affect pregnant women and their unborn children. In a study, investigating high hormone levels in pregnant women and premature births, it was found that the two are in fact linked and that high hormone levels may be a leading factor in most premature births. The connection between premature birth rates and mental health rates can be seen again in Figure 3, they follow the same decline from Central Harlem to Midtown East. Both smoking and premature births are direct causes of asthma. Smoke from cigarettes, vapes and pipes can seriously inflame a person’s airways and irritate their lungs.

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Without being diagnosed correctly, “7.5 percent of U.S children between the ages [of] 6 and 17 take medication for ‘emotional or behavioral difficulties’” (Insel). Overmedication is the inappropriate medical treatment that occurs when a patient is given or takes unnecessary or excessive medications. Many are wrongly diagnosed by doctors, or self-medicated. With every disorder comes an evaluation and many doctors do not evaluate their patients or their behavior, they get straight to medicating.

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What are some screening tools that might be of importance in this situation? (Hint: do you suspect drug or alcohol abuse here?) The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommend that mental health problems screening be incorporated into routine primary care visits for adolescents and it includes social and emotional competencies expected for each age. A brief, scientifically tested, self-administered screening questionnaire such as the Pediatric Symptom Checklist Youth Report (PSC-Y) can be used. PSC-Y is widely used in primary care settings and is a 35-item self-completion screening questionnaire that focus on internalizing, externalizing, and attention problems.

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Children with ADHD Attention Psychiatric Association says that up to 11% of children in the U.S have been diagnosed with ADHD. This is a concerning percentage considering the possibility for misdiagnosis. Many children have been misdiagnosed with ADHD due to parents being overwhelmed by their high energy children, Schools not questioning a misdiagnosis because they get more funding for a child with a mental handicap, and because doctors choose the easy way out when treating a child with high energy. The first reason why children are being misdiagnosed for ADHD because parents are being overwhelmed by their high energy children.

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The three mental ailments associated with ADHD are inattentiveness, hyperactivity and impulsivity. Living with these conditions is no easy task. Anyone of those symptoms can individually lead to not having good grades, or even losing track of a simple conversation. Put all of them together and you have a dangerous mix that in undoubtably going to lead to poor school performance and an inept social life, if the proper means are not taken. Therefore, the effectiveness outweighs the risk when it comes to this medication, which in turn makes ADHD medication a promising and efficient treatment for children with attention deficit hyperactivity

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First is academic stress. There is a constant pressure on teens every day to succeed academically. They can find it difficult to live up to their parents and teachers’ expectations. If a child is not excelling in school the struggle will begin. Memory Loss

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The disease takes place most often in kids and teenagers, however 2-5% of adults have also been identified with the condition. In the majority of instances, the reason of ADHD is unknown. Controversy surrounds a prognosis of ADHD with few believing that it is on the far end of the spectrum of regular behavior, while others trust that there are genetic and physiological bases for the condition. Healthcare providers typically view ADHD as a authentic disease among people with more intense signs and symptoms, however for individuals who suffer from less excessive symptoms, the controversy centers around a way to treat and diagnose them. The number of people identified in the U.S. has grown dramatically in a brief time period.

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ADHD affects behaviour and social development in that they get easily frustated, which could be the same children with Autism this affects there Emotional and social development. Dyslexia is a condition that affects learning literacy so what they think they are reading may not be what is actually there so they get stuck with understand letters they may

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“ADHD was first mentioned in 1902. British pediatrician Sir George Still described “An abnormal defect of moral control in children.” He found that some affected children could not control their behavior the way a typical child would, but they were still intelligent” (Holland and Higuera). Although ADHD can cause a child to struggle with school or staying focused, it does not affect how much they know. It is not necessary to put the children on the medication.

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For instance, Ornoy analyzed child’s achievenement skills with the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children in preschoolers who were born in family where heroin-dependent mothers were. This caused high attention deficit from parent to children and hyperactivity disorder in children. (page 65-2) Physical risks in extremely poor environment can also influence language skills. SES affects child development in terms of home environment and family investments in child health and education. Children from low income communities have higher risk to suffer from environmental toxic agents (pesticides, dioxins, etc.) influence on their physical and mental health, such as vitamin dysfunctions, behavioral problems and disorders.

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Introduction Adolescence is a transition time of human development that occurs between the ages of 11 and 20 years. They are forced to face their own physical, cognitive, and emotional changes which can be very stressful to handle. Because these fraught changes are quite difficult to cope with, this stage of development is at a high risk of mental health disorders. Many mental health disorders begin in adolescence, and if they are not properly treated, they will persist into adulthood (1). According to The Second Australian Child and Adolescent Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing, almost one in seven (13.9%) 4-17 year-olds were assessed as having mental disorders in the previous 12 months.

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