Insulin plays a paramount role in day to day regulation of protein metabolism. Firstly, insulin heightens the transport rate of amino acids into the tissue. Secondly insulin stimulates the rate of protein synthesis in the adipose tissue, muscle, liver and other tissues by activating factors that control protein synthesis initiation. Thirdly, the hormone insulin decreases the rate of protein degradation in muscle.(Dimitriadis et al 2011). In contrast, the hormone cortisol stimulates protein degradation in muscle, in an aim to maintain blood glucose levels. Fourthly, the hormone insulin creates new protein by activation of ribosomal protein kinase.
The hormones glucagon and adrenaline are both catabolic and work in concert to increase protein breakdown in
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When Insulin decreases the rate of lipolysis in adipose tissue, this lowers the plasma fatty acid level. In contrast the hormone cortisol increases sensitivity of lipolysis (which increases the breakdown of free fatty acids) in adipose tissue to lypolytic hormones. Similarly, the hormone adrenaline increase the rate of lipolysis by hydrolysis and thus fatty acid release.
Insulin stimulates the release of fatty acid and triacylglycerol synthesis in tissues and increases the uptake of triglycerides from blood into muscle and adipose tissue. Insulin also decreases the rate of fatty acid oxidation in both liver and muscle (Dimitriadis et al 2011). The hormone adrenaline increases the plasma level of fatty acids and thus their oxidation by the muscle. Similarly, the hormone glucagon increases fatty acid release and increases plasma fatty acid concentration which leads to oxidation in both muscle and liver. The oxidation of fatty acids in the liver by glucagon increases rates of ketogenesis the plasma ketone body level and also