By the end of the 19 century, urban centers such as Montreal in Canada faced multiple challenges because of the urbanization. Montreal at the end of the 19 century faced the challenges of starving, diseases. Because of the lack of jobs at the time, cities and factories were drowning people from different part of the world. In addition, People were moving from countries to countries in order to find a better life. Montreal faced the problem of too many immigrants.
Urbanization, or the growth of cities, erupted during the Industrial Revolution. Cities were a place of work, innovation, and technology. Over the course of fifty years (1850-1900) more and more people moved to the cities, which caused more and more problems in them. With these problems came solutions, and those solutions led to change. These changes could be good like movements to get cleaner water or having plumbing.
American Urbanization started like a wildfire and it spread so rapidly that facilities and institutions in society could not keep up. From 1850 to 1900 America completely changed from its agricultural state into a new industry based society. The four paramount changes that occured during America’s urbanization period were new immigration, the build up of cities (skyscrapers and mass transit), living conditions, and boss rule and the rise of mass consumption. Even though the changes during urbanization did not come easily due to immense diversity, they still paved the way to modern day America.
The cause that lead to the Progressive era was the Gilded Age. Industrialization during the Gilded Age is what lead to urbanization and new ideas in the Progressive era. The Progressive era was a period of social activism and political reform across the United States during the 1890s-1920s. During this period, the Progressive movement was focused on eliminating corruption within the government. It covered social reform issues relating to female suffrage, education, working conditions, unionization, urbanization, industrialization and child labor.
The social problems that urbanization and industrialized in the late 19th century created was slums. “Forty-two men and women in a room not more than twelve feet square, and in the corner on a heap of dirty straw lay a woman with a newborn babe” (Related Document 1, pg. 275). Immigrants were living in an overcrowded tenement and having to pay high rent. They lack access to clean water for drinking, garbage and sewage system. Most of the people who live in the slums became the victim of crime and diseases.
Cities improve due to innovation, but humans residing in them may not. The Industrial Revolution was a period in time where new inventions helped labor become less taxing and more efficient in the South. On the other hand, the North developed urban cities, which attracted many people. Urban cities had become the epitome of civilization: ease of life and wealth was present, but not available to everyone. To elaborate, these urban cities provided job opportunities to women.
The increase in unemployment labor experienced led to a fragmentation of the workforce into the formal and informal sector. Lack of employment and unemployment insurance led to the expansion of the informal sector (Wise 2010). Moreover, the formal sector shrank and was feminized due to employment in maquiladoras. Mexico’s informal sector includes various economic activities, where individuals make little money, work in harsh conditions, and lack financial security. Labor’s fragmentation lead to a decrease in workers who were part of the institutional structure of the PRI and it had less control over labor's political
Gentrification connotes the influx of wealthier people into an existing urban area and a related increase in the property value, rent, and changes in culture and character. More often, gentrification is negatively portrayed as the displacement of poor communities through the arrival of rich outsiders. Gentrification arises from an increased interest in a certain urban district leading to many wealthy people buying and renovating houses in the area. The real impacts of gentrification are often intricate, contradictory and vary depending on the type of urban center. In a way, gentrification has greatly altered American urban landscape over the years.
A shock city is the urban place that represents a massive and rapid changes in social, economic, and cultural life (urbanization) due to many factors, including new models of transportation such as railroads, industrialization, and other factors. The first city that was considered the “shock city” was actually Manchester, England. It grew very quickly, and it was the world’s first industrialized city and the home of the cotton industry, cottonopolis - a metropolis centered on cotton trading. Same as Manchester, Chicago was also the “shock city” of North America because of its rapid growth. Both cities were industrial cities, Chicago rose from a struggling village sunk in the middle of a grassland creek to a metropolis city.
A nation’s economy is best calculated through its gross domestic product or GDP. However, there is a few exceptions that are not taken into affect with the economy which is known as the underground economy. The underground economy or the shadow economy is the unrecorded and untaxed section of a country’s economic activities. According to analysts, the underground economy may help the real economy from falling any farther.
Urban renewal and gentrification are two terms used to define the rebuilding and/or restructuring of “dilapidated neighborhoods into flourishing (and more economically valuable) urban spaces…” (Book, P.447). However, urban renewal and gentrification can have negative impacts on the lower class, and lower-middle class citizens, which reside within the communities being redeveloped by increased rent to even forceful eviction. However, to fully understand this topic, urban renewal and gentrification need to be defined, and determined how it effects the economy and citizens, understood how urban renewal can be balanced with the needs of the citizens, and demonstrated how urban renewal has effected the District of Columbia. Urban renewal is defined as “the transformation of old neighborhoods with new buildings, businesses, and residences,” and this phenomenon has both positive and negative effects on any community (Book, P.447).
DISCUSSION ABOUT MARGINALIZED WOMEN ISSUES DR.C.SUBBULAKSHMI Assistant Professor Centre for Women’s Studies Madurai Kamaraj university e-mail id: magarisha@gmail.com Marginalization is the social process by which a person or a group of people are made marginal or become relegated to the fringe or edge of society. It occurs when people is pushed to the edge of a society, usually as an effect of discrimination making the person standout and look different from everybody else. They consequently feel alone and left out from the rest of society.
Urbanization is causing economic transformation in Africa, confirmed when we observe industry and services. Industry grows in more urbanized areas. Employment in industry varies from 6.1% in less urbanized areas to 26.1% in the most urbanized areas. Industrial value added is also linked to urbanization. While it accounts for 18.3% in the less urbanized areas, it accounts for 39.0% in the most urbanized areas.
The author has tried to prove these two arguments by taking the case study of Metro Manila where the government’s only focus is to drive the export-oriented economy and attract a large sum of investment. And, how this focus has led to the neglect of the urban poor and their poor living conditions in the city. AIM The main aim of this paper was to understand that whether the emergence of informal settlements in the city is due to the consequences of the globalisation or is it due to the conscious negligence of the government towards this section of the society in the race of becoming ‘global cities’. METHODOLOGY
Forum: The Economic and Social Council Issue: Addressing legalization and/or decriminalization as responses to the global trade in illicit narcotics Student Officer: Hyewon Cho Position: Deputy President Introduction Currently, illicit drug trade is one of the largest global problem, attracting criminals and black market enterprises. Several laws indicate that it is essential to stop the drug trafficking in various countries, especially in Colombia, the United States, Latin America, Mexico, and more. The issue of illicit narcotics can be categorized into three main parts: producing, trafficking, and consuming. Resolutions made previously and many solutions focus on legalization in specific steps of drug trafficking.
