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What Is Howard Becker Labeling Theory

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Howard Becker “Labeling Theory” Howard Becker is an American sociology which was born on April, 1928 in Chicago, Illinois .Howard is an American sociologist known for his studies of occupations, education, deviance and art. He is now retired, but continuous teaching and typing in San Francisco. In 1998 was given the award for distinguished career by the American Sociological Association, Becker was assigned as President of the Society for the Study of Social Problems from 1965-66 and is a jazz pianist. He has a Bachelors, Masters and Doctorate degrees in sociology at the University of Chicago, his studies are considered part of the School of Sociology in Chicago. His most notable books are Outsiders (1963), Art Worlds (1982), What About Mozart? What about Murder? (2015).About sociology of art made …show more content…

His career in the study of the deviation began thanks to the exposure to marijuana smoking at Chicago’s jazz bars where he played the piano. His research was based of his book Outsiders which is considered one of the first texts to develop the theory of labeled. This theory explains how a bad behavior can lead to the deviation and consequently leads us to be labeled. What is deviance? Deviance is when an individual interferes with the social standards due their behavior and attitudes. This means that break the social norms and (or) goes against them. This theory in the 60’s explains how the human behavior and the environment in which we live does not fit with the social rules. A bad behavior is more likely to appear in people with person of lower social status due to their shortcomings, tend to be more labeled by other people. For example, when a young man is friend of people who steals the other people thinks that he is equal and unconsciously the person will adapt the same image that the robbers by coexistence that have with them. The theory is divided into two key concepts: Primary deviance and Second

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The labeling theory proposes deviance is socially constructed through reaction instead of action. In other words, according to this theory, no behavior is naturally deviant on its own. Instead, it's the reaction to the behavior that makes it deviant or not (Long-Crowell, 2003). Labeling theory helps to explain why a behavior is considered negatively deviant to some people, groups, and cultures but positively deviant to others. The sheriff deputies working for Manitowoc County at a very young age considered the entire Avery family as a bunch of no good trouble makers (Long-Crowell, 2003).

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Becker states four primary views of deviance which include statistical, pathological, functional, and relativistic deviance. The statistical view incorporates aggregate data regarding behaviors and actions and ultimately averages out from this data the standard

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Deviance which refers to violation of norms, differs within cultures and groups of people in the same community. One such deviance is crime and it can be explained using the labeling theory. Labeling theory explains how reputations force people either into deviance or away from it. In the case of white-collar crimes, many reputed figures and institutions are able to excuse themselves from crimes without getting penalized. These crimes may not include burglary and shooting in public, but the white collar crimes are often committed in disguise.

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The vicious intentions/actions of the violator represent the social norm of their society, which

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Deviance is departing from usual or accepted standards, this is relevant in this book because the main character Ishmael is deviating from his own perspective of himself. In the beginning he was a young carefree kid but throughout the civil war, he discovered a side of him that he never knew was their. By deviating from his own perspective of himself, he was able to realize how truly strong he was. There are three concepts of deviance, symbolic interactionism, functionalism, and the conflict theory.

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Heckert and Heckert (article 2) recognize that deviance can be seen as both positive and negative

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This theory states that people learn deviance from the people they associate with or look up to, and they will conform to fit in with them. An example being if someone associates with a group of racist or addicts they will conform to their behaviors or norms and become a racist or a drug addict to fit in with the group. The opposite can happen if somebody associates with an honor student who volunteers and is a nice person they will adopt their norms and they themselves will conform and become an honor student who volunteers will be nicer to

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He argued that it is not the way that the criminal acts but the way that society reacts which makes them deviant. His theory tells us that the poor and the powerless are most likely to be labelled as deviant. Once someone is labelled as deviant they will always be labelled, it will be their identity and they will always be seen as how they have been labelled which is always negative. For example the media symbolised the hoodies to be seen as worn by criminals. So if anyone would wear one then they would be seen as negative and if they committed crime wearing one then they were more likely to get punished harshly even if it was minor

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One well-known humanist who increased the popularity of humanism is Francesco Petrarch (1304-1374). Petrarch showed his expertise in poetry, humanism, and scholarship and had a deep understanding of what ancient Latin and Greek literature had been in antiquity. He was interested in making literature the greatest intellectual activity and made poetry his sole profession. For example, Petrarch “took words, methods of sentence structure, figures of speech, and stories from the Latin classics and gave them a new European life.” (Sautter 19)

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Moreover, when deviance is punished it reaffirms currently held social norms, which also contribute to society. (Durkheim 1893) Lastly, Conflict Theory states that social and economic factors are the cause of crime and deviance. Unlike functionalist, conflict theorist do not see these factors as positive functions of society, it is seen as inequality in the system, which racial and socioeconomical factors play a part. (Akers1991)

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Deviant behavior is the behavior that is different from the most powerful norms of the society or can also be defined as odd or unacceptable behavior. In sociological way deviance is simply any violation of societal norms. There are many reasons why a person has deviant behavior which includes biological , psychological and sociological explanations. the most popular sociological theories are Structural Strain Theory which was developed by Robert K merton as an addition of the functional point of view on deviance. The theory discovers the origin of deviance that these are caused by the difference

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Primary deviance arises from a variety of reasons that are biological, psychological, and sociological. Secondary deviance is a way of defense, attack, or adaptation to a problem caused by social reaction to primary deviant behavior (Brown, Esbensen, & Geis,

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As defined by Edwin Lemert, primary deviance, “ is polygenic, arising out of a variety of social, cultural, and psychological factors” (Lemert 1951). This is the type of deviance that occurs initially and does not necessarily have a deep impact on an individual’s life. Lemert could argue that everyone has performed acts of primacy deviance but this primary deviance does not associate completely with the deviant label. Those who commit acts of primary deviance often do not know that they are going against the norm or it is out of their usual character to act in a deviant manner. For example, a 4.0 student who decides to steal a small snack from a gas station is classified under primary deviance because it is an initial isolated incident.

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Functionalists, conflict theorist, and interactionist all have different views and focus on different parts of society and its people. What is deviance? Deviance is a behavior, trait, or belief that departs from a norm and generates a negative reaction in a particular group (Ferris and Stein 151). It is considered a social construct.

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Dark brown sugar is important for both color and flavor in many recipes. Its flavor is versatile and can complement everything from barbecue rubs for meat to gingerbread. You should certainly do your best to keep some on hand at all times. If you run out of dark brown sugar, there are a few alternatives that will be just as effective. Your Best Bet: Make

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