Chapter II: Review of Literature Antitrust Laws The antitrust law began when the United States Congress passed the very first antitrust laws in 1890. These laws were called the Sherman Act. The Sherman Act was a “comprehensive character of economic liberty aimed at preserving free and unfettered competition as a rule of trade.” These Laws existed for many years.
The primary principal antitrust regulation was the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890, which emerged in large part from public dissatisfaction with the monopoly power gained by way of general Oil in the oil refining marketplace. The Sherman Act prohibits
Unregulated capitalism was a negative aspect for industrialization because of the what happened to the government and the senate and because of the wages and how unfair they were. Unregulated Capitalism was negative during Industrialization in the Gilded Age because, monopolist had more power than the government. According to ¨The standard oil Octopus Cartoon¨ by Udo Keppler, September 7, 1904, in Puck magazine, there is a ¨squid¨ that represents industrialization, the squid has the White house and the senate under his tentacles. This shows that the squid is in control and the squid represents monopolist and monopolist control a lot of things back then.
During the Gilded Age there was a lot of monopolies, because we haven't discovered anything yet. SO the U.S needed a lot, which impacted us a lot. Monopolies were probably had the biggest impact on the Gilded Age. Vanderbilt had a monopoly for a while, and when we .thought it was over Travis Scot made his own. Travis Scott overcame our monopoly with railroads from Vanderbilt, then just made his own.
The Regulators, like the Sons of Liberty fought the corruption of the government during the years that lead up to the American Revolution. However, unlike the Sons of Liberty, the Regulators did not use violence to get their points across. They resorted to removing corrupt government officials and electing their own leaders into office. From the very beginning, the Piedmont backcountry farmers from North Carolina suffered enormous opposition from the wealthy elites, as well as the Governor of North Carolina himself. It seemed that Governor William Tryon made it his goal in life to disband the Regulators, and in the end he was successful.
Corruption was prevalent in the United States during the 1900s. Fraud existed in major industries, such as monopolies or unsafe working conditions. Several people wanting reform wrote books and articles about the industries which made a large impact on the consumers and users of industries. This put pressure on the president to make changes in regulating these industries. Muckrakers, a group of journalists, exposed corrupt issues to the American public, which brought reform to many major industries such as oil, railroads, and government.
During the Progressive Era there were multiple of changes occurring that people became overwhelmed. New resources in the oil market, industrialization, fights for equality. There were many factory jobs, however, no one to stand up for the workers. So of course people will turn to their government for help, the power house of the country. However, even the government was picky in what they helped with.
The Reconstruction era has ended and Americans are seeking a way to reach the American dream. With the gold rush leading the way, a significant amount of Americans wanted to reach the top, and many of them started large monopolies. The Gilded Age is an era that can be described as America’s greatest era, but the reality is dark. Corporations were taking advantage of the nation’s increasing economy, and the most affected were the people. The industrialist was able to amass tremendous wealth by exploiting the people, justifying their actions with social Darwinism and the government’s protection, which promotes social class divisions.
The Gilded Age was a period of time in the United States where industrialization was advancing at an alarming rate and the economy was expanding quickly. However, through all of this success many people were in poverty and the rich got richer while the poor got poorer. The monopolies were the main cause of the Gilded Age and the problems that came along with it. Jacob Riis’s views were biased to an extent, because he is a product of his time and blamed the immigrants for most of the problems during the Gilded Age.
Week 7 Application In 1890 the Sherman Act was form it was a federal anti-monopoly and anti-trust statute that prohibited activities that restricted interstate commerce and competition in the marketplace. The purpose of the Sherman Act was to prevent larger companies from gaining control and forming trusts to in the competition. But, because the Sherman Act was used in reverse against the labor unions to dismantle the unions it was eventually abandoned (Johnson.2001). The evolution of the Sherman Act has provided a guide to the Courts to find the appropriate jurisdictional balance for its general Commerce Clause.
The village of Paxton was located in eastern Pennsylvania. Paxton became a place of political and racial unrest during Pontiac’s Rebellion. Paxton was still part of the frontier until the 1760’s and was populated by Scots-Irish. They requested soldiers and weapons because of their vulnerability to attack. Their request was ignored because of the legislators who were Quakers.
A monopoly is defined as “a commodity controlled by one party” (Merriam-Webster dictionary). Monopolies are terrible for the American citizen because it allows the producer of the commodity to be in complete control of the citizen via rising the prices of necessities. Railroads were used for many things during the Gilded age, such as shipping and traveling. When railroad companies started to monopolize, the state of Ohio tried it’s best to stop it but failed as a result of the commission not being able to dictate the railroad companies. After the states had failed, the United States Congress passed the Interstate Commerce Act in 1887 to try and regulate prices and make those prices public (Interstate Commerce Act).
Then, in 1890, the Sherman Antitrust Act was set forth. This act was a federal law that prohibited monopolies. The Sherman Antitrust Act made any combination or trust in restraint of trade illegal. (Class notes, industrial reform evidence) There were many different types of social problems during this time period.
In the article "The Concept of a Discourse Community" by John Swales (1990). He aimed to define the meaning of a discourse community; then he carefully deconstructs discourse community into six fundamental attributes that are important for recognizing a discourse community. Swales’ definition of a discourse community is a group that has objectives or purposes, and utilize communication to accomplish those objectives. He states that a discourse community is presented as a more practical and purposeful gathering than speech fraternity or speech group. The six essential characteristics that Swales (1990) belief to be the core of a discourse community are its goals, intercommunication, participation, genres, Lexis, and expertise.
The film Les Misérables, based upon Victor Hugo’s novel and directed by Tom Hooper, follows the life of Jean Valjean upon his release from prison and his attempt to live honourably in successive years. Valjean spends his life working his way out of poverty, encountering many different social classes and ways of life during the French Revolution. The characters Javert, Fantine and the bishop each demonstrate different approaches to life; Javert focusing on enforcing the law, Fantine willing to do anything to support her child, and the bishop demonstrating generosity and forgiveness towards Valjean's wrongdoings. As Valjean confronts each character, he learns to accept differing mindsets and circumstances.
