Classical Conditioning

1. Wilhem Wundt was the first person to be called a psychologist. He used introspection and structuralism. There are three requirements to the experiment. The first one is to use observers that watch and announce a reaction. The second one is to reuse the same stimuli that always made the same outcome. Thus, it allowed the subject to concentrate on the inner reaction. Although Wilhelm used introspection these rules were put into place to erase it. It is also used to oppose the argument that there is no way to know if a person studying their mind precisely because it cannot be seen by someone else. These experiments are known as structuralism, but it did have its downfall because there was not much compromise between people and it was very biased.

Pavlov’s classical conditioning experiment is a type of learning behavior that uses conditioned reflexes. This means that something made a reflex response to a stimulus and after a while that something was conditioned to make that same response to a different stimulus. One the response to the second stimuli was learned the first one could be taken away. Hence why it’s called classical conditioning.

7. B. F. Skinner focused on how behavior had its consequences. He used punishment and reinforcement on subjects and they were both major factors. There was a chamber that studied modified behavior using both of these factors. The subject is taken away from the external environment. There’s a lever in the box and when the lever is pushed a positive or negative reinforcement is delivered. This box was known as a skinner box.

8. Sigmund Freud believed the cause of human behavior was the unconscious mind. He believed people suffered from hysteria which gave off physical and emotional symptoms and none had a cause. He saw the unconscious mind as a respiratory of feelings and urges. The psychoanalytic theory focuses on a person’s unconsciousness and childhood memories. The cause is different from what behaviorists thinks because the unconscious isn’t what people do but what they think. So it isn’t about behavior but about the

Sensation and Perception

c) Study pf where we focus our attention.

Cognitive Psychology

d) Study of cognitions or thoughts and our relationship to our experiences and actions.

Developmental Psychology

e) Study of development across a life span.

Personality Psychology

f) Study of thoughts and behaviors that make each person different.

Social Psychology

g) Study of how we relate and interact with each other.

Industrial Organizational Psychology

h) Study of psychological theories, principles, and research findings.

Health Psychology

i) Study of health affected by interaction.

Sports and Exercise Psychology

j) Study of psychological aspects of sport performances.

Clinical Psychology

k) Study of diagnosis and treatment of disorders.

Counseling Psychology

l) Study of emotional and social outcomes in individuals who are psychologically healthy.

Forensic Psychology

m) Study of the questions that come up in the justice systems related to psychology.

13. A few careers in psychology are a PhD in psychology, which is a doctoral degree, a teacher that has a background in psychology but doesn’t focus on just that area, and a PsyD, which is a degree in psychology that focuses on clinical