Angiotensin Essays

determine if the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system is the ultimate controlling system in terms of why and how it functions. Definition of the topic: The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system is being evaluated to determine if it is the ultimate controlling system. Composed of various components such as the renal, liver, adrenal gland and cardiac system. This system interlinks all its components to carry out its function. To determine the functions of the three hormones; renin, angiotensin and how they perform

Decreased blood flow to the kidneys activates the renin angiotensin system. Renin is released, which activates angiotension to produce angiotensin I, which is then converted to angiotensin II. Angiotensin II is also a potent vasoconstrictor, which causes both arterial and venous vasoconstriction. Angiotensin II also stimulates the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone, which results in sodium and water reabsorption and potassium excretion

MODAFINIL:DRUG OF THE MODERN ERA Modafinil(commonly known by the brand names Provigil, Alertec, Modavigil etc) is an oral drug that is used to induce wakefulness in patients with sleepiness. It reduces fatigue and enhances alertness in an individual. It is also known as nootropic. It is usually taken once in a day with or without eating your meal. Modafinil is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of narcolepsy or Obstructive sleep apnea hyperpnoea syndrome (OSAHS)

Clonidine is a centrally acting alpha-agonist antihypertensive drug that is used to suppress the sympathetic nervous system and plasma renin activity1. This allows blood vessels to relax, which leads to better blood flow throughout the body. It has been used since 1970s. Clonidine was initially only used to treat hypertension, but now it is used for various other conditions including ADHD, alcohol and opiate withdrawal, anxiety, smoking cessation, and many more. Clonidine comes in a tablet form (extended-release

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAA) and adrenergic antagonists improve symptoms and the quality of life while decreasing mortality. No such therapies have been discovered for diastolic heart failure; however, angiotensin receptive blocking agents have the potential to decrease morbidity in the patients, but not the mortality. (Chatterjee 574). Although patients

inhibitors develop. ACE inhibitors act by inhibiting angiotensin II. Angiotensin II raises blood pressure by vasoconstriction causing peripheral resistance. Blocking Angiotensin II prevents vasoconstriction and reduces blood pressure. Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBS) do not inhibit the production of Angiotensin II. ARBS prevent Angiotensin II from reaching its designated receptors which prevents the vasoconstriction effects of Angiotensin II. ARBS generally do not cause the cough associated

1.0 Introduction Tritace is an Angiotensin-Converting-Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitor. It is used to treat hypertension, heart failure, stroke, myocardial infarction and diabetes. Its generic name is Ramipril. Other brand names include Altace, Cardace, Ramiril and Ramacor. Some examples of other ACE Inhibitors are Enalapril, Quinapril, Captopril and Lisinopril. The oral bioavailability of Tritace is 55%. The absorption is not significantly affected by food and the duration of action is 24 hours (Drugs.com

History of Captopril In the mid of 1950s, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) was identified as the enzyme which converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II (vasoconstrictor substance). The cause of hypertension was actively investigated by John R. Vane in the 1960s. In 1967, Kevin K.F. Ng found the angiotensin I converts to angiotensin II in pulmonary circulation. During this time, Sergio Ferreira joined Vane’s team. Differ from Ng, Ferreira found bradykinin missing in its passage through the pulmonary

As Angiotensin I flows through the renal and pulmonary circulations, a second enzyme called Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) cleaves Angiotensin I into Angiotensin II. Angiotensin II acts in three ways to conserve ECF volume. First, AT-II is a powerful vasoconstrictor. AT-II constricts the renal arteries and arterioles in order to increase

Angiotensin I will activate Angiotensin II to cause vasoconstriction and to stimulate kidneys to release aldosterone. Aldosterone will retain sodium and water resulting in increased blood volume, which will elevate the blood pressure. At the same time, hypothalamus stimulates

mOsm1L) near the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei • Haemorrhage is a very potent stimulator • Decreased tension of the atrial walls, great veins and pulmonary vessels, as occurs in hypovolaemia, stimulates increased ADH • Renin-angiotensin mechanism: Angiotensin, released as a result of decreased renal blood volume or pressure, directly stimulates ADH secretion • Cutaneous and Visceral Pain: Visceral manipulation, pain and emotional stress also stimulate ADH secretion. • Drugs: Ether, nicotine

Name: Sarah Trudel Student Number: 5973771 1.Describe the process of water, nutrient and electrolyte reabsorption in the nephron of the kidney. In your answer, make sure to address the following questions: (11 marks total) a) What molecules are reabsorbed in each tubular element of the nephron? (7 marks) Tubular reabsorption is the process of reclaiming water and solutes from the tubular fluid and returning them to the blood (Saladin, 2004). The first part of the nephron that is involved

this will causes hyponatremia. Hyporvolemic: Here, there is decrease in total body water and sodium. Euvolemic: Total body water increase but Na stays the same. Sodium concentration is controlled by secretion of ADH, mechanisms of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone

Section 1: Profile of Hypertension Patients Hypertension and heart diseases: Hypertensive heart disease is the No. 1 cause of death associated with high blood pressure in patients. It refers to a group of disorders that includes heart failure, ischemic heart disease, hypertensive heart disease, and left ventricular hypertrophy (excessive thickening of the heart muscle). Renal Hypertension: Renal hypertension, also called renovascular hypertension, is elevated blood pressure caused by kidney disease

Chronic Kidney Disease is a progressive irreversible loss of kidney function over an extended period of time. It can be due to the presence of kidney damage or decreased glomerular filtration rate (Lewis). Kidney function is regulated though glomerular filtration rate (GFR). GFR gradually decreases due to nephrons being destroyed. Nephrons left intact are subjected to an increased workload, resulting in hypertrophy and inability to concentrate urine. Typically GFR in chronic kidney disease is less

Congestive heart failure Author: Dr. Simona Stiuriuc Patogenie.Cauze and riscSemne and simptomeDiagnosticTratamentPrognostic factors. Congestive heart failure  Congestive heart failure occurs when the heart can no longer cope with the metabolic demands of the body at normal venous pressure. The heart can not respond to increased body cererilee because: - Increased heart rate, which is controlled by neural and humoral - Increased ventricular contractility, secondary circulating catecholamines and

Heart Failure Heart failure is a condition in which the heart has trouble pumping blood because it has become weak or stiff. This means the heart does not pump blood efficiently for the body to work well. For some people with heart failure, fluid may back up into the lungs and there may be swelling (edema) in the lower legs. Heart failure is usually a long-term (chronic) condition. It is important for you to take good care of yourself and follow your health care provider 's treatment plan. CAUSES

Pharmacological Treatment-Angiotensin converting enzymes inhibitor (help in systolic heart failure), Angiotensin receptor blocker, diuretics, aldosterone antagonist (people with systolic heart failure can live longer with this medication), inotropes (used in severe heart failure), digoxin. Surgery and medical devices-Coronary

Essay 13: How does the brain sense osmolality and regulate water balance? Before answering this question, it is necessary to understand the meaning of the term osmolality as well as its implications for human physiology. In chemistry, the osmolality of a solution is defined as the number of moles of solute (e.g. salt or sugar) per kilogram of solvent. When the solvent in question is water, osmolality is practically the same as the more familiar unit osmolarity, which is defined as moles

CHAPTER ONE Background of Study Enuresis is a disorder characterized by repeated voiding of urine into the clothes or in bed of persons with a chronological age or developmental level of at least five years that is not due exclusively to the direct physiological effect of a substance or a general medical condition (1). It may be classified into subtypes according to its occurrence during night-time sleep (nocturnal), during waking hours (diurnal) or both and may be described as primary among individuals