Arend Lijphart Essays

Citizenship “Citizenship is a status bestowed on those who care equal with respect to the rights and duties with which the status is endowed” (Marshall 1950). According to a common view, three elements are included in citizenship (Marshall 1950; Kjellbert 2002; Morris 2005; Kjellberg and Hemmingsson 2013). Civil rights is based on the idea that each human being is equal before the law. It comprises personal integrity, freedom of speech, religious liberty, freedom of thought and the right to own property

presidential electoral systems. Often times, these features are explained in the margins of plurality and runoff systems or at times one (or few) electoral feature is picked to explain how presidential systems operate generally. For example, Juan Linz, Arend Lijphart and Alfred Stepan draw attention on the zero-sum game and candidate-driven features of presidential elections to suggest that presidential systems are unfit for coalition building. Donald Horowitz and others have put emphasis on presidential elections

that power without challenge. In this essay I will compare the ways both systems interact with their different forms of legislation, and where sovereignty can be found within the United Kingdom, or the lacktherof in the United States. Firstly,^ Arend Lijphart used the UK and the

The most fundamental aspect within a democracy is that ruling is done by the people. Without this, a society could never function as a democracy; it would be one only in name. In the first forms of democracy, this meant that every single citizen was responsible for participating in the decisions that the state made. As society progressed, however, this responsibility was handed off, with representatives being elected by the citizens in order to make the decisions for them, in their interests, thus