Carbon-14 Essays

Willard Frank Libby, (born Dec. 17, 1908, Grand Valley, Colo., U.S.—died Sept. 8, 1980, Los Angeles, Calif.), American chemist whose technique of carbon-14 (or radiocarbon) dating provided an extremely valuable tool for archaeologists, anthropologists, and earth scientists. For this development he was honoured with the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1960. Libby, the son of farmer Ora Edward Libby and his wife, Eva May (née Rivers), attended the University of California at Berkeley, where he received

The two standard methods of measuring age using radioactivity are potassium-argon (P-Ar) dating and radiocarbon dating. Potassium-argon dating is employed by geologist to gauge the age of geological formations by dating the individual rocks in the strata. If a rock sample has potassium, then it is possible to date when the rock was originally formed. This can be accomplished because all potassium on the Earth contains 0.01% of the 40K radioactive isotope of potassium. 40K has a unique trait in that

Methods for measuring radiocarbon dates has developed significantly from the original solid-state Libby counter to the AMS (Wood 2015). Conventional radiocarbon dating methods count electrons emitted during beta decay, whereas an AMS detects the atomic weight and counts the number of radiocarbon atoms (Renfrew & Bahn 2012; Wood 2015; Strydonck 2016). Radiocarbon dating using an AMS became popular in the 1990s, however nuclear physicists first realised its potential in 1977 (Harris et al. 1987; Scott

The movie Apollo 13 represents an event that happened in Kennedy Space Center in Florida. The importance of this event is that it was a spacecraft launch to the moon that didn't reach the moon successfully. This happened because on the way to the moon, the spacecraft had an explosion This caused fear among NASA and the three astronauts, who were originally scheduled for a later launch. They were all fearful for the lives of the astronauts because with the explosion, the tank had gotten damaged.

a big movie buff and also have always been a big fan of all things outer space. Therefore, arguably one of my favorite movies of all time is "Apollo 13", but it is not just a great movie. Ron Howard directed the film starring Tom Hanks is one of the best dramatic picture of an organization managing a crisis to a successful outcome. One of the most important crisis lessons we learn is when the character played by actor Ed Harris succinctly summarizes the attitude you must have during a crisis. Harris

John Paul Di Giovanna CLSS 105-11 11/14/14 The play Antigone by Sophocles is a very famous and that is read in schools all over the world. The play simply shows someone standing up to an unjust and unfair state and it can be used to bring people together depending on the situation. One person that adapted Sophocles’ Antigone was Jean Anouilh, who was a French playwright. Anouilh’s adaptation of Antigone came out in the year 1944 but was written in 1942. The fact that this adaptation came out

The Apollo 13 started in 1961. This research paper will be about Apollo 13.When the Apollo missions officially started and there were three men that were on the spacecraft and what their names will be introduced throughout the research paper. Also who planned to put the men on the Moon. Another thing that I will be doing is discussing a little bit more information, facts  on the Apollo 13. When John F. Kennedy had said that the U.S. would put man on the Moon. He was the man who planned to put the

NASA bumped him down to the Apollo 14 mission - which was the 5th space capsule to land on the moon with human life forms inside - because they said he needed more time to train. They launched Alan Shepard, Edgar Mitchell and Stuart Roosa in Apollo 14 on January 31, 1971. They landed safely enough with just a few minor setbacks, something that NASA always seemed to have at one point or another

as to when he lived. Instead forensic scientists were prompted to use radiocarbon dating. Radiocarbon dating is conducted by measuring the levels of radioactive isotope carbon-14 in Tollund man's body. When an organism like the Tollund man dies it begins to decay which scientists are then able to measure the amount of carbon -14 emitted from the body to determine how long ago the organism died. This analysis would be the most common

it can be suitable for the car´s engine. There are 7.4 Billion people living on this planet, so gasoline production has to be quick! Thankfully, it is!, It only takes about 12-14 hours to make a 30,000 gallons of petroleum into gasoline. Gasoline has many good uses, but also, it can damage life on Earth with how much carbon it produces for the atmosphere. But, it also plays a good roll

2. GRAPHENE FABRICATION TECHNIQUES Fabrication of graphene can be divided into two different approaches. They are bottom-up and top-down approaches. Bottom-up methods involve synthesizing graphene from alternative carbon containing sources, whereas top-down methods involve breaking apart the stacked layers of graphite to yield graphene. Figure shows the schematic representation of the bottom-up and top-down graphene synthesis. Figure 10: A schematic of ‘bottom-up’ and ‘top-down’ graphene synthesis

are a complex group of iron based alloys containing at least10.5% chromium and a maximum of 1.2 % carbon. In order to define the stainless steel it can be said that the base alloy for this material is iron which contains a minimum of %11 Chromium (Cr) [1]. The European Standard EN10088 (EN2005) defines stainless steels as iron based alloys containing at least10.5% chromium and a maximum of 1.2% carbon. The main factor for the corrosion resistance of stainless steel is its chromium content. Under the

Chapters 3 & 4 Chapter 3 1. The carbon atom is a nonmetal substance that can bond with itself and many other chemical elements, in can form up to almost 10 million compounds. http://chemistry.about.com/od/elementfacts/a/carbonfacts.htm 2. Organic molecules are built upon the framework of carbon atoms and consist of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, sugars, amino acids, etc.. http://webprojects.oit.ncsu.edu/project/bio183de/Black/chemistry/chemistry.html 3. A carbon compound called ester is what gives

Introduction: We have seen that the carbonyl group of aldehydes and ketones is highly immediate, and that accompaniments to this functionality are ordinary. Carbonyl functionality reactive but that it also activates to hand carbon-hydrogen bonds (particularly alpha hydrogen’s) to go through a variety of substitution reactions.1 Carbonyl compounds can be explained by just four fundamental reaction types:  Nucleophilic additions  Nucleophilic acyl substitutions  α-Substitutions

proven effective when comes to generating power. But this should not be the only basis since the hazards of these plants should also be considered. Coal power plants produce a large amount of carbon emissions greatly contributing to the climate change and it pollutes the environment also in a form of acid rain (14 Far-Reaching Advantages and Disadvantages of Coal, 2015). Burning coal produces sulfur dioxide and nitrous oxide which are combined to create fine particulate matter. Fine particulate matter

Mozart’s Influence In the Enlightenment The Enlightenment was a train of thinking that started with philosophers in the eighteenth century. Philosophers warned against religious division, cultural division, and social inequality. Today, our Declaration of Independence is based upon these same values of equality. In the Enlightenment, music took a different shape. Music was no longer only for wealthy merchants, but was now open to the public. Composers noticed the opportunity and wrote music that

“Liberty Leading the People” is an oil painting, exactly 2.6m x 3.25m, that was created by Eugene Delacroix, a French romantic painter. The painting commemorates the revolution on the 28th of July 1830, which would topple King Charles X of France, the brother of the recently beheaded Louis XVI. In the painting, ‘Liberty’ is personified as a woman or goddess, who with French flag and musket in hand is rallying the people from the countless dead bodies around them towards the insurgency and the possibility

abundant element in the universe and the second most abundant on the earth, (27.7%) after oxygen. Being a stable tetrahedral, the element is chemically considered to be highly versatile or reactive. Silicon is a tetravelant metalloid of atomic number 14, the element posses the properties of both metals and non-metals. Its chemical symbol is Si and it has two main allotropes; amorphous ( pure brownish powder) and crystalline (metallic gray). Silicon in its utra-pure form is a solid with a blue grayish

ABSTRACT The Diels-Alder reaction has been an area of great research interest with regards to enhancing enantioselectivity in the reaction by use of various catalysts and reaction conditions. INTRODUCTION In organic chemistry, a Diels-Alder reaction refers to a 4, 2 cycloaddition between a diene consisting of alternating double bonds and a substituted alkene (the dienophile) resulting in a substituted cyclohexene system. The reaction is often used to reliably control regioselective and enantioselective

to form a monolithio intermediate using MeLi, followed by bromine-lithium exchange using t-BuLi to give the dilithio species 17. 14 The intermediate 17 was then exposed to carbon monoxide to give 18, which after cyclization forms the intermediate 19, followed by loss of LiNMe2 to give 20, and finally after work up with dilute acid yielded the isatin product 1. 1 13 14 15 6 N O O 1) MeLi, 0 C CO Br N H O NMe2 2) t-BuLi, 0 C Li N O NMe2 Li C N Li O Li O NMe2 N O NMe2 O Li Li -LiNMe2 N H O O Li H3O