Molecular mass Essays

E. Discussion: In order to synthesize the polymer, Nylon 6,10, we had to complete a few steps to create the chemical reaction that combined sebacoyl chloride and hexamethylenediamine. First we measured the mass of the two graduated cylinders when they were empty, and measured it again after they were filled with sebacoyl chloride and hexamethylenediamine. We did this in order to find the measurements of the reactants. When we measured the graduated cylinder when they were emptied, one weighed at

Project 1: Calorimetry CHM2046L-029 24920 Introduction Background Calorimetry is a method of measuring the enthalpy (heat energy gained or released) of various state changes, such as chemical reactions. Calorimetry can also be used in a number of other ways, however, including in microbiology (where the presence of various microorganisms can be determined as their multiplication increases thermal power) and in environmental science (where a calorimeter can be used to determine insect

point of water in their bodies by increasing the concentration of the dissolved solutes in their blood plasma and their tissues. Freezing point is a colligative property. The experiment provides students with experience to learn how to find the molecular weight of a solute by using their freezing point. Materials and Methods: The experiment began by gathering the materials. The materials consisted of a ring stand, test tube clamp, 600 mL beaker, 10 cm watch glass, Vernier temperature probe, alcohol

Since the proteins should be separated on size only, these components are used. Sodium dodecyl sulfate is used to equalize the charge-to-mass ratio (charge density). SDS works by coating the proteins and disrupting structures to evenly distribute the negatively charged molecules, allowing isolation based on size only. Dithiothreitol breaks cysteine disulfide bonds, disrupting tertiary structures

the same applies to microalgae. In 1991, J.A. Raven compiled a dataset for RuBisCO in microalgae as the fraction of RuBisCO to total protein by mass, showing values between 2% and 23%. To determine these percentages however, an indirect measurement was performed where RuBisCO is converted on a total protein basis assuming the chlorophyll: total protein mass ratio is 0.0421. Therefore, Losh et al. conducted experiments where RuBisCO was measured with Quantitative Western blots using an antibody which

to able to detect and analyze proteins based on their ability to bind to a specific antibody, the SDS-PAGE and Western Blot was performed. SDS Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) is a very common technique used to separate proteins by molecular weight under the influence of an applied electrical field and then used to prepare for the Western Blot (#1 Lehninger). It uses a polyacrylamide gel as a support medium and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), which is a detergent, to denature

Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis also known as SDS-PAGE is one of the methods for determining the molecular weight of unknown proteins. SDS is an anionic molecule which denaturizes proteins and brings it back to its’ primary structure and it also provides a negative charge to the uncharged molecule. The SDS-PAGE enables the separation of proteins based on their sizes. The larger the size of the protein, the harder it is to travel through the gel thus heavier proteins stay

Before Gel Electrophoresis, separation of small molecules was impossible. Today Gel Electrophoresis is the primary method of separating molecules. The ability to separate has greatly improved forensics. paternity/maternity tests, and many other useful tests. Prosecutors being able to prove that a crime was committed because of DNA instead of testimony has improved the criminal justice system greatly. Oliver Smithies developed Gel Electrophoresis in 1950. To separate molecules an electric current

separate other charged biomolecules such as dyes, RNA and proteins. Principle DNA molecules are negatively charged at neutral or alkaline pH and migrate towards anode when an electric field is applied. Charge/ mass ratio of nucleic acid is unity, thus migration occurs largely on the basis of molecular size of the DNA molecules. Material Minigel horizontal agarose

wells (indentations) at one end of a gel, and an electric current is applied to pull them through the gel. DNA fragments are negatively charged, so they move towards the positive electrode. Because all DNA fragments have the same amount of charge per mass, small fragments move through the gel faster than large ones. When a gel is stained with a DNA-binding dye, the DNA fragments can be seen as bands, each representing a group of same-sized DNA fragments. Suppose you have just done a PCR reaction making

The ability to recognize specific proteins in the cell has advantages on understanding how the cell functions. Its importance of protein-identifying techniques can detect the presence of many genetic disorders. The purpose of this experiment is to determine the effects of heat shock stress proteins in E. coli. To approach this lab, heat shock the proteins and measure total protein levels. Use two different techniques to run the gels. One gel will be used for Western Blot of DnaK and the other will

and identification of different proteins in a specific organism by the use of antigens through Western Blotting (or protein immunoblot). In general, these experiments are used to localize the protein of interest by antibonding specificity and molecular mass. For this laboratory experiment in particular, students conducted the experiment properly by following the precautions and steps correctly. The group tracked a variety of stages in order to achieve the main

Invagination is a process which creates grooves, ducts and pockets and is an essential part of the early development of many organs - for example mammary glands and hair follicles. These organs may differ from each other but early development of these appendages is dependent upon the formation of a placodal thickening in the epithelium followed by invagination to form a ‘U’ shape, and some degree of stratification to fill a ‘bud’. Our project was centered upon observing this process in teeth, and

sodium decompose into when heated? Materials: Sodium bicarbonate Bunsen burner Crucible and lid Tongs scale Ceramic fiber pad Striker Stop watch Pipe stem triangle Ring stand Ring clamp Procedure: First The crucible was weighed and recorded for mass. Then you add 2.32 grams of sodium bicarbonate that was measured using a balance and placed in the crucible. The lid was placed on top of the crucible. The crucible was placed above the burner then The burner was ignited, and the flame was adjusted

the ordinary PCR method, this requires that multiple PCRs be performed on the same or related DNA templates, which would prove to be very time consuming. This is where a process known as Multiplex PCR comes into play. Multiplex PCR is a widespread molecular biology technique that was designed to allow

Aerodynamics is a branch of dynamics to the study of air movement together. It is a subfield of fluid dynamics and gas, and the term "drag" is often used to refer to the gas dynamics. The earliest records of the basic concepts of aerodynamics on the work of Aristotle and Archimedes in the third and second centuries BC, but the efforts to find a quantitative theory of airflow develop until the 18th century, beginning in 1726 was Isaac Newton as one of the first in modern aerodynamics mind when he

Genetic Modifications Genetic Modification is a change or substitution caused by human activity in the DNA (the substance that responsible about the appearance of the organism). Genetic modification was accomplished for the first time in 1973 by Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer. Some scientists in countries around the world aspire applying this technology on plants and humans. Now some countries like USA, Argentina, Brazil, Canada and China allow their scientists to make researches on genetic

Recombinant DNA molecules are DNA molecules formed by laboratory methods of genetic recombination to bring together genetic material from multiple sources, creating sequences that would not otherwise be found in the genome. Recombinant DNA is possible because DNA molecules from all organisms share the same chemical structure. They differ only in the nucleotide sequence within that identical overall structure.Recombinant DNA is the general name for a piece of DNA that has been created by the combination

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a laboratory technique used to make various duplicates of a portion of DNA. PCR is very exact and can be utilized to intensify, or duplicate, a particular DNA target from a blend of DNA molecules. It empowers scientists to create a huge number of duplicates of a particular DNA arrangement in around two hours. This robotized procedure sidesteps the need to utilize microscopic organisms for intensifying DNA. First Stage: The reactants

RFLP (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism) Introduction to technique: Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism, RFLP is a method of genetic analysis that allows individuals to be identified on the basis of unique patterns of restriction enzyme cutting in the particular regions of DNA. This technique takes an advantage of the polymorphisms occur in individual people's genetic codes. Even though all members of a particular specie have fundamentally the same genetic makeup, but these slight differences