Renin Essays

Clonidine is a centrally acting alpha-agonist antihypertensive drug that is used to suppress the sympathetic nervous system and plasma renin activity1. This allows blood vessels to relax, which leads to better blood flow throughout the body. It has been used since 1970s. Clonidine was initially only used to treat hypertension, but now it is used for various other conditions including ADHD, alcohol and opiate withdrawal, anxiety, smoking cessation, and many more. Clonidine comes in a tablet form (extended-release

Decreased blood flow to the kidneys activates the renin angiotensin system. Renin is released, which activates angiotension to produce angiotensin I, which is then converted to angiotensin II. Angiotensin II is also a potent vasoconstrictor, which causes both arterial and venous vasoconstriction. Angiotensin II also

MODAFINIL:DRUG OF THE MODERN ERA Modafinil(commonly known by the brand names Provigil, Alertec, Modavigil etc) is an oral drug that is used to induce wakefulness in patients with sleepiness. It reduces fatigue and enhances alertness in an individual. It is also known as nootropic. It is usually taken once in a day with or without eating your meal. Modafinil is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of narcolepsy or Obstructive sleep apnea hyperpnoea syndrome (OSAHS)

determine if the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system is the ultimate controlling system in terms of why and how it functions. Definition of the topic: The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system is being evaluated to determine if it is the ultimate controlling system. Composed of various components such as the renal, liver, adrenal gland and cardiac system. This system interlinks all its components to carry out its function. To determine the functions of the three hormones; renin, angiotensin and how

Name: Sarah Trudel Student Number: 5973771 1.Describe the process of water, nutrient and electrolyte reabsorption in the nephron of the kidney. In your answer, make sure to address the following questions: (11 marks total) a) What molecules are reabsorbed in each tubular element of the nephron? (7 marks) Tubular reabsorption is the process of reclaiming water and solutes from the tubular fluid and returning them to the blood (Saladin, 2004). The first part of the nephron that is involved

Sodium (Electrolyte) Balance – Physiologists often refer to sodium as the backbone of the extracellular fluid and emphasize that water follows sodium. Although separate hormonal axes exist for water and sodium reuptake, sodium plays a crucial role in maintaining intravascular fluid volume in addition to contributing to serum osmolality. As will be explained, the kidneys conserve much of the water (a.k.a. plasma volume) in the glomerular filtrate by retaining sodium. Serum sodium concentrations must

the plasma (above 280 mOsm1L) near the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei • Haemorrhage is a very potent stimulator • Decreased tension of the atrial walls, great veins and pulmonary vessels, as occurs in hypovolaemia, stimulates increased ADH • Renin-angiotensin mechanism: Angiotensin, released as a result of decreased renal blood volume or pressure, directly stimulates ADH secretion • Cutaneous and Visceral Pain: Visceral manipulation, pain and emotional stress also stimulate ADH secretion. •

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAA) and adrenergic antagonists improve symptoms and the quality of life while decreasing mortality. No such therapies have been discovered for diastolic heart failure; however, angiotensin receptive blocking agents have the

the fluid intake and output. 1. The Renin-Angiotensin System Renin is synthesized and stored in an inactive form called prorenin in the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidneys. These cells are modified smooth muscle cells located in the walls of the afferent arterioles. When the arterial pressure falls, intrinsic reactions in the kidneys themselves cause many of the prorenin molecules in the JG cells to split and release renin. Most of the renin enters the renal blood and then passes

significantly affected by food and the duration of action is 24 hours (Drugs.com, 2013). 2.0 Physiology of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) Baroreceptors located in the aortic arch and carotid sinuses detect changes in blood pressure. When a drop in blood pressure is detected, the medulla oblongata in the brain stimulates the juxtaglomerular kidney cells to secrete renin. Renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I. Angiotensin-Converting-Enzyme which is found in pulmonary blood vessels

excreted and this will causes hyponatremia. Hyporvolemic: Here, there is decrease in total body water and sodium. Euvolemic: Total body water increase but Na stays the same. Sodium concentration is controlled by secretion of ADH, mechanisms of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone

CHAPTER ONE Background of Study Enuresis is a disorder characterized by repeated voiding of urine into the clothes or in bed of persons with a chronological age or developmental level of at least five years that is not due exclusively to the direct physiological effect of a substance or a general medical condition (1). It may be classified into subtypes according to its occurrence during night-time sleep (nocturnal), during waking hours (diurnal) or both and may be described as primary among individuals

The pumping ability of the heart is compromised by a continuum between coronary artery disease, myocardial ischemia, and myocardial infarction. This paradox deprives the heart of blood-borne oxygen and nutrients. Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the earliest of the continuum and consists of any disorder that narrows or blocks the coronary arteries. Atherosclerosis is the most common cause of CAD, which diminishes the myocardial blood supply until the blood flow to the heart is limited causing the

deficiency can rise the production of PTH. This over production of PTH can cause valvular calcification, cardiac arrhythmia, arterial hypertension, myocardial calcification, and left ventricle hypertrophy. Vitamin D deficiency also can increase the rate of renin-angiotensin system. It has an important function in controlling blood pressure, electrolyte balance, and intravascular volume. However, vitamin D can affect heart function through influencing cardiomyocyte cell cycle rather than hormone system. Vitamin

Congestive heart failure Author: Dr. Simona Stiuriuc Patogenie.Cauze and riscSemne and simptomeDiagnosticTratamentPrognostic factors. Congestive heart failure  Congestive heart failure occurs when the heart can no longer cope with the metabolic demands of the body at normal venous pressure. The heart can not respond to increased body cererilee because: - Increased heart rate, which is controlled by neural and humoral - Increased ventricular contractility, secondary circulating catecholamines and

Essay 13: How does the brain sense osmolality and regulate water balance? Before answering this question, it is necessary to understand the meaning of the term osmolality as well as its implications for human physiology. In chemistry, the osmolality of a solution is defined as the number of moles of solute (e.g. salt or sugar) per kilogram of solvent. When the solvent in question is water, osmolality is practically the same as the more familiar unit osmolarity, which is defined as moles

Generalized adaptation syndrome involves a set of physical processes, which occur regardless of the physical response. When physical stress such as trauma, injury or disease stimulates the general adaptation syndrome, it initiates the stress response. Stress response is the response to the disruption of homeostasis caused by stress (Craft et al, 2013, p. 3175). The stress response of open fracture will trigger various responses via hypothalamus stimulate sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and hypothalamus-pituitary

affects the cardiovascular system and is associated with kidney disease, stroke, and myocardial infarction. (McCance 1149). Hypertension involves the combination of genetics and environmental risks along with the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system (RAAS), and natriuretic peptides. The SNS promotes cardiac contractility and heart rate and induces arteriolar vasoconstriction leading to the maintenance of blood pressure and tissue perfusion. (McCance 1150). Over activity

(2013) explain that there is a vicious cycle between how the kidneys function and blood pressure. In patients suffering from kidney disease, the blood flow to the kidneys is decreased. To make up for this decreased blood flow, the kidneys release renin to increase the patient’s blood pressure and improve circulation to the kidneys. In patients with PKD, the damaged kidneys do not benefit from this process. The kidneys continue to increase the blood pressure, but are unable to improve their function

Metoprolol tartrate is a beta-blocker that lowers blood pressure by inhibiting the hormone renin in the blood, thus lowering blood pressure. According to research treating hypertension in the African American race is difficult, therefore, a combination of medication is used. In the case of Mr. Larsen, he is treated with metoprolol, in addition